Spirulina promotes stem cell genesis and protects against LPS induced declines in neural stem cell proliferation

Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decrea...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2010-05, Vol.5 (5), p.e10496
Main Authors: Bachstetter, Adam D, Jernberg, Jennifer, Schlunk, Andrea, Vila, Jennifer L, Hudson, Charles, Cole, Michael J, Shytle, R Douglas, Tan, Jun, Sanberg, Paul R, Sanberg, Cyndy D, Borlongan, Cesario, Kaneko, Yuji, Tajiri, Naoki, Gemma, Carmelina, Bickford, Paula C
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Age
Aging
Animal tissues
Animals
Apoptosis
Arthrospira
Bone marrow
Brain
Brain damage
Brain research
Bromodeoxyuridine - metabolism
Carnosine
CD34 antigen
Cell culture
Cell proliferation
Cell Proliferation - drug effects
Cells (biology)
Cells, Cultured
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Cognitive ability
Cytokines
Dentate gyrus
Dopamine
Electron transport
Functional foods
Functional foods & nutraceuticals
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - metabolism
Green tea
Hippocampus
Hippocampus - cytology
Humans
IL-1β
Immunology/Innate Immunity
Inflammation
Injection
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology
Male
Medicine
Mice
Microglia - cytology
Microglia - drug effects
Microglia - metabolism
Mitochondria
Mitochondria - drug effects
Mitochondria - metabolism
Mitogens
Molecular weight
Neural stem cells
Neurogenesis
Neurons - cytology
Neurons - drug effects
Neurons - metabolism
Neuroscience
Neuroscience/Neurobiology of Disease and Regeneration
Neuroscience/Neuronal and Glial Cell Biology
Neurosurgery
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Oxidative stress
Pharmacology
Physiology
Progenitor cells
Rats
Rats, Inbred F344
Skin
Spirulina
Spirulina - drug effects
Spirulina - metabolism
Spirulina platensis
Stem cells
Stem Cells - cytology
Stem Cells - drug effects
Tea
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - pharmacology
Tumor necrosis factor-α
Vitamin D3
Young adults
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Summary:Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decreasing a key neuroinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged rats reversed the age-related cognitive decline and increased neurogenesis in the age rats. We also have found that nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation, and decrease oxidative stress. The objectives of this study were to determine if spirulina could protect the proliferative potential of hippocampal neural progenitor cells from an acute systemic inflammatory insult of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this end, young rats were fed for 30 days a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.1% spirulina. On day 28 the rats were given a single i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The following day the rats were injected with BrdU (50 mg/kg b.i.d. i.p.) and were sacrificed 24 hours after the first injection of BrdU. Quantification of the BrdU positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus demonstrated a decrease in proliferation of the stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus as a result of the LPS insult. Furthermore, the diet supplemented with spirulina was able to negate the LPS induced decrease in stem/progenitor cell proliferation. In a second set of studies we examined the effects of spirulina either alone or in combination with a proprietary formulation (NT-020) of blueberry, green tea, vitamin D3 and carnosine on the function of bone marrow and CD34+ cells in vitro. Spirulina had small effects on its own and more than additive effects in combination with NT-020 to promote mitochondrial respiration and/or proliferation of these cells in culture. When examined on neural stem cells in culture spirulina increased proliferation at baseline and protected against the negative influence of TNFalpha to reduce neural stem cell proliferation. These results support the hypothesis that a diet enriched with spirulina and other nutraceuticals may help protect the stem/progenitor cells from insults.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0010496