Loading…
Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires
We have used electron holography to investigate the local magnetic behavior of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) in their remanent states. The NWs consisted of periodic magnetic layers of soft, high-saturation magnetization CoFeB alloys, and non-magnetic layers of Cu. All NWs were fabricated by...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Journal of applied physics 2014-07, Vol.116 (2) |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Subjects: | |
| Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13 |
|---|---|
| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13 |
| container_end_page | |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | |
| container_title | Journal of applied physics |
| container_volume | 116 |
| creator | Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh Carignan, L. P. Yelon, A. Ménard, D. Kasama, T. Herring, R. Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. McCartney, M. R. Kavanagh, K. L. |
| description | We have used electron holography to investigate the local magnetic behavior of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) in their remanent states. The NWs consisted of periodic magnetic layers of soft, high-saturation magnetization CoFeB alloys, and non-magnetic layers of Cu. All NWs were fabricated by pulsed-potential electrodeposition in nanoporous alumina membranes. The NW composition and layer thicknesses were measured using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The magnetization of individual NWs depended upon the thicknesses of the layers and the direction of an external magnetic field, which had been applied in situ. When the CoFeB was thicker than the diameter (50 nm), magnetization was axial for all external field directions, while thinner layers could be randomized via a perpendicular field. In some cases, magnetization inside the wire was detected at an angle with respect to the axis of the wires. In thinner Cu/CoFeB ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1063/1.4887488 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_22308968</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2126579441</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpFkE1LAzEYhIMoWKsH_8GCJw9b87GbZI9a_IJCL3oO2eRNm7JNapKi_fduqeBhmMvwMDMI3RI8I5izBzJrpBSjztCEYNnVom3xOZpgTEktO9FdoqucNxgTIlk3QU9L52r943MFA5iSYqjWcYirpHfrQxVd5SCluNWrAMWbarsfih_0AVIVdIjfPkG-RhdODxlu_nyKPl-eP-Zv9WL5-j5_XNSGSV7qVure9o22FLAw1jqGOTgjDGetsW0PDBOwHXeiAYqtoxRAUtbT3ppOGMKm6O7Ejbl4lY0vYNYmhjD2VpSycS2X_6ldil97yEVt4j6FsZiihPJWdE1zZN2fUibFnBM4tUt-q9NBEayORyqi_o5kv93KZdQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2126579441</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires</title><source>American Institute of Physics:Jisc Collections:Transitional Journals Agreement 2021-23 (Reading list)</source><creator>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh ; Carignan, L. P. ; Yelon, A. ; Ménard, D. ; Kasama, T. ; Herring, R. ; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. ; McCartney, M. R. ; Kavanagh, K. L.</creator><creatorcontrib>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh ; Carignan, L. P. ; Yelon, A. ; Ménard, D. ; Kasama, T. ; Herring, R. ; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. ; McCartney, M. R. ; Kavanagh, K. L.</creatorcontrib><description>We have used electron holography to investigate the local magnetic behavior of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) in their remanent states. The NWs consisted of periodic magnetic layers of soft, high-saturation magnetization CoFeB alloys, and non-magnetic layers of Cu. All NWs were fabricated by pulsed-potential electrodeposition in nanoporous alumina membranes. The NW composition and layer thicknesses were measured using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The magnetization of individual NWs depended upon the thicknesses of the layers and the direction of an external magnetic field, which had been applied in situ. When the CoFeB was thicker than the diameter (50 nm), magnetization was axial for all external field directions, while thinner layers could be randomized via a perpendicular field. In some cases, magnetization inside the wire was detected at an angle with respect to the axis of the wires. In thinner Cu/CoFeB (<10 nm each) multilayer, magnetic field vortices were detected, associated with opposing magnetization in neighbouring layers. The measured crystallinity, compositions, and layer thicknesses of individual NWs were found to be significantly different from those predicted from calibration growths based on uniform composition NWs. In particular, a significant fraction of Cu (up to 50 at. %) was present in the CoFeB layers such that the measured magnetic induction was lower than expected. These results will be used to better understand previously measured effective anisotropy fields of similar NW arrays.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7550</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/1.4887488</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Melville: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Aluminum oxide ; ANISOTROPY ; Applied physics ; BORON COMPOUNDS ; COBALT COMPOUNDS ; Composition ; COPPER ; ELECTRODEPOSITION ; Energy transmission ; FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS ; Ferromagnetism ; HOLOGRAPHY ; IRON COMPOUNDS ; LAYERS ; MAGNETIC FIELDS ; Magnetic induction ; Magnetic properties ; Magnetic saturation ; Magnetism ; MAGNETIZATION ; MEMBRANES ; Multilayers ; NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY ; NANOWIRES ; PERIODICITY ; QUANTUM WIRES ; SATURATION ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Scanning transmission electron microscopy ; SPECTROSCOPY ; TERNARY ALLOY SYSTEMS ; THICKNESS ; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY</subject><ispartof>Journal of applied physics, 2014-07, Vol.116 (2)</ispartof><rights>2014 AIP Publishing LLC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,315,786,790,891,27957,27958</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308968$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carignan, L. P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yelon, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ménard, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kasama, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herring, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCartney, M. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kavanagh, K. L.</creatorcontrib><title>Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires</title><title>Journal of applied physics</title><description>We have used electron holography to investigate the local magnetic behavior of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) in their remanent states. The NWs consisted of periodic magnetic layers of soft, high-saturation magnetization CoFeB alloys, and non-magnetic layers of Cu. All NWs were fabricated by pulsed-potential electrodeposition in nanoporous alumina membranes. The NW composition and layer thicknesses were measured using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The magnetization of individual NWs depended upon the thicknesses of the layers and the direction of an external magnetic field, which had been applied in situ. When the CoFeB was thicker than the diameter (50 nm), magnetization was axial for all external field directions, while thinner layers could be randomized via a perpendicular field. In some cases, magnetization inside the wire was detected at an angle with respect to the axis of the wires. In thinner Cu/CoFeB (<10 nm each) multilayer, magnetic field vortices were detected, associated with opposing magnetization in neighbouring layers. The measured crystallinity, compositions, and layer thicknesses of individual NWs were found to be significantly different from those predicted from calibration growths based on uniform composition NWs. In particular, a significant fraction of Cu (up to 50 at. %) was present in the CoFeB layers such that the measured magnetic induction was lower than expected. These results will be used to better understand previously measured effective anisotropy fields of similar NW arrays.</description><subject>Aluminum oxide</subject><subject>ANISOTROPY</subject><subject>Applied physics</subject><subject>BORON COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>COBALT COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>COPPER</subject><subject>ELECTRODEPOSITION</subject><subject>Energy transmission</subject><subject>FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS</subject><subject>Ferromagnetism</subject><subject>HOLOGRAPHY</subject><subject>IRON COMPOUNDS</subject><subject>LAYERS</subject><subject>MAGNETIC FIELDS</subject><subject>Magnetic induction</subject><subject>Magnetic properties</subject><subject>Magnetic saturation</subject><subject>Magnetism</subject><subject>MAGNETIZATION</subject><subject>MEMBRANES</subject><subject>Multilayers</subject><subject>NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY</subject><subject>NANOWIRES</subject><subject>PERIODICITY</subject><subject>QUANTUM WIRES</subject><subject>SATURATION</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Scanning transmission electron microscopy</subject><subject>SPECTROSCOPY</subject><subject>TERNARY ALLOY SYSTEMS</subject><subject>THICKNESS</subject><subject>TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY</subject><issn>0021-8979</issn><issn>1089-7550</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpFkE1LAzEYhIMoWKsH_8GCJw9b87GbZI9a_IJCL3oO2eRNm7JNapKi_fduqeBhmMvwMDMI3RI8I5izBzJrpBSjztCEYNnVom3xOZpgTEktO9FdoqucNxgTIlk3QU9L52r943MFA5iSYqjWcYirpHfrQxVd5SCluNWrAMWbarsfih_0AVIVdIjfPkG-RhdODxlu_nyKPl-eP-Zv9WL5-j5_XNSGSV7qVure9o22FLAw1jqGOTgjDGetsW0PDBOwHXeiAYqtoxRAUtbT3ppOGMKm6O7Ejbl4lY0vYNYmhjD2VpSycS2X_6ldil97yEVt4j6FsZiihPJWdE1zZN2fUibFnBM4tUt-q9NBEayORyqi_o5kv93KZdQ</recordid><startdate>20140714</startdate><enddate>20140714</enddate><creator>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh</creator><creator>Carignan, L. P.</creator><creator>Yelon, A.</creator><creator>Ménard, D.</creator><creator>Kasama, T.</creator><creator>Herring, R.</creator><creator>Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.</creator><creator>McCartney, M. R.</creator><creator>Kavanagh, K. L.</creator><general>American Institute of Physics</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140714</creationdate><title>Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires</title><author>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh ; Carignan, L. P. ; Yelon, A. ; Ménard, D. ; Kasama, T. ; Herring, R. ; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. ; McCartney, M. R. ; Kavanagh, K. L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Aluminum oxide</topic><topic>ANISOTROPY</topic><topic>Applied physics</topic><topic>BORON COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>COBALT COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>COPPER</topic><topic>ELECTRODEPOSITION</topic><topic>Energy transmission</topic><topic>FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS</topic><topic>Ferromagnetism</topic><topic>HOLOGRAPHY</topic><topic>IRON COMPOUNDS</topic><topic>LAYERS</topic><topic>MAGNETIC FIELDS</topic><topic>Magnetic induction</topic><topic>Magnetic properties</topic><topic>Magnetic saturation</topic><topic>Magnetism</topic><topic>MAGNETIZATION</topic><topic>MEMBRANES</topic><topic>Multilayers</topic><topic>NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY</topic><topic>NANOWIRES</topic><topic>PERIODICITY</topic><topic>QUANTUM WIRES</topic><topic>SATURATION</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Scanning transmission electron microscopy</topic><topic>SPECTROSCOPY</topic><topic>TERNARY ALLOY SYSTEMS</topic><topic>THICKNESS</topic><topic>TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carignan, L. P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yelon, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ménard, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kasama, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herring, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCartney, M. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kavanagh, K. L.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Journal of applied physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Akhtari-Zavareh, Azadeh</au><au>Carignan, L. P.</au><au>Yelon, A.</au><au>Ménard, D.</au><au>Kasama, T.</au><au>Herring, R.</au><au>Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.</au><au>McCartney, M. R.</au><au>Kavanagh, K. L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires</atitle><jtitle>Journal of applied physics</jtitle><date>2014-07-14</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>116</volume><issue>2</issue><issn>0021-8979</issn><eissn>1089-7550</eissn><abstract>We have used electron holography to investigate the local magnetic behavior of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires (NWs) in their remanent states. The NWs consisted of periodic magnetic layers of soft, high-saturation magnetization CoFeB alloys, and non-magnetic layers of Cu. All NWs were fabricated by pulsed-potential electrodeposition in nanoporous alumina membranes. The NW composition and layer thicknesses were measured using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The magnetization of individual NWs depended upon the thicknesses of the layers and the direction of an external magnetic field, which had been applied in situ. When the CoFeB was thicker than the diameter (50 nm), magnetization was axial for all external field directions, while thinner layers could be randomized via a perpendicular field. In some cases, magnetization inside the wire was detected at an angle with respect to the axis of the wires. In thinner Cu/CoFeB (<10 nm each) multilayer, magnetic field vortices were detected, associated with opposing magnetization in neighbouring layers. The measured crystallinity, compositions, and layer thicknesses of individual NWs were found to be significantly different from those predicted from calibration growths based on uniform composition NWs. In particular, a significant fraction of Cu (up to 50 at. %) was present in the CoFeB layers such that the measured magnetic induction was lower than expected. These results will be used to better understand previously measured effective anisotropy fields of similar NW arrays.</abstract><cop>Melville</cop><pub>American Institute of Physics</pub><doi>10.1063/1.4887488</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0021-8979 |
| ispartof | Journal of applied physics, 2014-07, Vol.116 (2) |
| issn | 0021-8979 1089-7550 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_22308968 |
| source | American Institute of Physics:Jisc Collections:Transitional Journals Agreement 2021-23 (Reading list) |
| subjects | Aluminum oxide ANISOTROPY Applied physics BORON COMPOUNDS COBALT COMPOUNDS Composition COPPER ELECTRODEPOSITION Energy transmission FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS Ferromagnetism HOLOGRAPHY IRON COMPOUNDS LAYERS MAGNETIC FIELDS Magnetic induction Magnetic properties Magnetic saturation Magnetism MAGNETIZATION MEMBRANES Multilayers NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOWIRES PERIODICITY QUANTUM WIRES SATURATION Scanning electron microscopy Scanning transmission electron microscopy SPECTROSCOPY TERNARY ALLOY SYSTEMS THICKNESS TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY |
| title | Off-axis electron holography of ferromagnetic multilayer nanowires |
| url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-09-21T17%3A50%3A48IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_osti_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Off-axis%20electron%20holography%20of%20ferromagnetic%20multilayer%20nanowires&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20applied%20physics&rft.au=Akhtari-Zavareh,%20Azadeh&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=2&rft.issn=0021-8979&rft.eissn=1089-7550&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063/1.4887488&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_osti_%3E2126579441%3C/proquest_osti_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-58abdb4ad2e07cddf306efc7c635cd5be301ed96f74e20df22ee823b2bdc97c13%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2126579441&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |