Global, regional, and national age-sex specifc mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations fr...

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Main Authors:	Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Allebeck, Peter, Amini, Erfan, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Asgedom, Solomon W., Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barregard, Lars, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Bourne, Rupert R.A., Butt, Zahid A., Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Dandona, Lalit, Davitoiu, Dragos V., De Courten, Barbora, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Sa Farinha, Carla Sofae, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fraser, Maya, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Herteliu, Claudiu, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Kadel, Rajendra, Karimi, Seyed M., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Leigh, James, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Marczak, Laurie B., McGaughey, Madeline, Millear, Anoushka, Minnig, Shawn, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell D., Mollenkopf, Sarah K., Nong, Vuong Minh, Ortiz, Alberto, Mahesh, P.A., Pigott, David M., Polinder, Suzanne, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Roth, Gregory A., Salama, Joseph, Santos, Itamar S., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shamsizadeh, Morteza, She, Jun, Shirude, Shreya, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steinke, Sabine, Taveira, Nuno, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu
Format:	Web Resource
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Aged, 80 and over Cause of Death Child Child, Preschool Communicable Diseases Disasters Female General Medicine Global Burden of Disease Global Health Human health sciences Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Medicine (all) Middle Aged Neurologie Neurology Noncommunicable Diseases Nutrition Disorders Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Sciences de la santé humaine Socioeconomic Factors Wounds and Injuries Young Adult
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Summary:	Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods: We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings: The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from c
ISSN:	1474-547X 0140-6736 1474-547X