Individual olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information

Each person expresses a potentially unique subset of ∼400 different olfactory receptor subtypes. Given that the receptors we express partially determine the odors we smell, it follows that each person may have a unique nose; to capture this, we devised a sensitive test of olfactory perception we t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2015-07, Vol.112 (28), p.8750-8755
Main Authors: Secundo, Lavi, Kobi Snitz, Kineret Weissler, Liron Pinchover, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Ron Loewenthal, Nancy Agmon-Levin, Idan Frumin, Dana Bar-Zvi, Sagit Shushan, Noam Sobel
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
autoimmunity
Biological Sciences
Chemosensory perception
Female
Genetics
HLA
HLA Antigens - immunology
Humans
Male
MHC
Nose
odor compounds
Odorants
Odors
olfactory genetics
olfactory perception
Olfactory Perception - genetics
olfactory receptors
people
receptors
Social Sciences
Young Adult
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Summary:Each person expresses a potentially unique subset of ∼400 different olfactory receptor subtypes. Given that the receptors we express partially determine the odors we smell, it follows that each person may have a unique nose; to capture this, we devised a sensitive test of olfactory perception we termed the “olfactory fingerprint.” Olfactory fingerprints relied on matrices of perceived odorant similarity derived from descriptors applied to the odorants. We initially fingerprinted 89 individuals using 28 odors and 54 descriptors. We found that each person had a unique olfactory fingerprint ( P < 10 ⁻¹⁰), which was odor specific but descriptor independent. We could identify individuals from this pool using randomly selected sets of 7 odors and 11 descriptors alone. Extrapolating from this data, we determined that using 34 odors and 35 descriptors we could individually identify each of the 7 billion people on earth. Olfactory perception, however, fluctuates over time, calling into question our proposed perceptual readout of presumably stable genetic makeup. To test whether fingerprints remain informative despite this temporal fluctuation, building on the linkage between olfactory receptors and HLA, we hypothesized that olfactory perception may relate to HLA. We obtained olfactory fingerprints and HLA typing for 130 individuals, and found that olfactory fingerprint matching using only four odorants was significantly related to HLA matching ( P < 10 ⁻⁴), such that olfactory fingerprints can save 32% of HLA tests in a population screen ( P < 10 ⁻⁶). In conclusion, a precise measure of olfactory perception reveals meaningful nonolfactory genetic information.
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1424826112