Children’s representation of abstract relations in relational/array match-to-sample tasks

•Three- and most 4-year-olds struggle with the relational match-to-sample (RMTS).•Three- and 4-year-olds succeed when arrays of 16 pictures are used instead of pairs.•Their behavior is controlled by entropy (the internal variability of the array).•A small number of 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds sponta...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cognitive psychology 2017-12, Vol.99, p.17-43
Main Authors: Hochmann, Jean-Rémy, Tuerk, Arin S., Sanborn, Sophia, Zhu, Rebecca, Long, Robert, Dempster, Meg, Carey, Susan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Animals
Behavior, Animal - physiology
Child Development - physiology
Child, Preschool
Cognitive science
Concept Formation - physiology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Pattern Recognition, Visual - physiology
Psychology
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Summary:•Three- and most 4-year-olds struggle with the relational match-to-sample (RMTS).•Three- and 4-year-olds succeed when arrays of 16 pictures are used instead of pairs.•Their behavior is controlled by entropy (the internal variability of the array).•A small number of 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds spontaneously succeed at RMTS.•These children justify their choice using relational words: “same” and “different”. Five experiments compared preschool children’s performance to that of adults and of non-human animals on match to sample tasks involving 2-item or 16-item arrays that varied according to their composition of same or different items (Array Match-to-Sample, AMTS). They establish that, like non-human animals in most studies, 3- and 4-year-olds fail 2-item AMTS (the classic relational match to sample task introduced into the literature by Premack, 1983), and that robust success is not observed until age 6. They also establish that 3-year-olds, like non-human animal species, succeed only when they are able to encode stimuli in terms of entropy, a property of an array (namely its internal variability), rather than relations among the individuals in the array (same vs. different), whereas adults solve both 2-item and 16-item AMTS on the basis of the relations same and different. As in the case of non-human animals, the acuity of 3- and 4-year-olds’ representation of entropy is insufficient to solve the 2-item same-different AMTS task. At age 4, behavior begins to contrast with that of non-human species. On 16-item AMTS, a subgroup of 4-year-olds induce a categorical rule matching all-same arrays to all-same arrays, while matching other arrays (mixed arrays of same and different items) to all-different arrays. These children tend to justify their choices using the words “same” and “different.” By age 4 a number of our participants succeed at 2-item AMTS, also justifying their choices by explicit verbal appeals using words for same and different. Taken together these results suggest that the recruitment of the relational representations corresponding to the meaning of these words contributes to the better performance over the preschool years at solving array match-to-sample tasks.
ISSN:0010-0285
1095-5623
DOI:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.11.001