Dark chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction after successive breath-hold dives in cool water

Objective The aim of this study is to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a series of successive apnea dives in non-thermoneutral water. Methods Twenty breath-hold divers were divided into two groups: a control group (8 males and 2 females) and a chocolate group (9 ma...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of applied physiology 2013-12, Vol.113 (12), p.2967-2975
Main Authors: Theunissen, Sigrid, Schumacker, Julie, Guerrero, François, Tillmans, Frauke, Boutros, Antoine, Lambrechts, Kate, Mazur, Aleksandra, Pieri, Massimo, Germonpré, Peter, Balestra, Costantino
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Antioxidants
Antioxidants - analysis
Antioxidants - pharmacology
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Breath Holding
Cacao - chemistry
Candy
Case-Control Studies
Cold Temperature
Diving
Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects
Endothelium, Vascular - physiology
Female
Females
Free radicals
Human health and pathology
Human Physiology
Humans
Life Sciences
Male
Middle Aged
Nitric oxide
Nitric Oxide - blood
Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine
Original Article
Peroxynitrous Acid - blood
Sports Medicine
Tissues and Organs
Vascular Stiffness - drug effects
Vasodilation - drug effects
Veins & arteries
Water temperature
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Summary:Objective The aim of this study is to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a series of successive apnea dives in non-thermoneutral water. Methods Twenty breath-hold divers were divided into two groups: a control group (8 males and 2 females) and a chocolate group (9 males and 1 female). The control group was asked to perform a series of dives to 20 m adding up to 20 min in the quiet diving pool of Conflans-Ste-Honorine (Paris, France), water temperature was 27 °C. The chocolate group performed the dives 1 h after ingestion of 30 g of dark chocolate. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), digital photoplethysmography, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite ONOO − ) levels were measured before and after each series of breath-hold dives. Results A significant decrease in FMD was observed in the control group after the dives (95.28 ± 2.9 % of pre-dive values, p  
ISSN:1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI:10.1007/s00421-013-2732-6