Norepinephrine Regulation of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Astrocyte Glycogen Metabolism

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). In the brain, the glycogen reserve is maintained within the astrocyte cell compartment as an alternative energy...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences 2021-01, Vol.22 (2), p.759
Main Authors:	Briski, Karen P, Ibrahim, Mostafa M H, Mahmood, A S M Hasan, Alshamrani, Ayed A
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	17β-Estradiol adrenergic receptor Adrenergic receptors Animals Astrocytes Astrocytes - drug effects Astrocytes - metabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism - drug effects Catecholamine Catecholamines Energy Enzymes Estrogen receptors Estrogens Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation Glucose Glucose - metabolism Glycogen Glycogen - metabolism Glycogen phosphorylase glycogen phosphorylase brain type Glycogen synthase Glycogens Hindbrain Hormones Humans Hypoglycemia Hypothalamus Hypothalamus (ventromedial) Kinases laser-catapult microdissection Metabolism Metabolites Muscles Nervous system Neurons Neurons - metabolism Nitric oxide Norepinephrine Norepinephrine - metabolism Norepinephrine - pharmacology Phosphorylase Phosphorylases Phosphorylation Physiology Plasma Protein expression Proteins Receptors (physiology) Receptors, Adrenergic - genetics Receptors, Adrenergic - metabolism Review Rhombencephalon - drug effects Rhombencephalon - metabolism Sensory neurons Sex hormones Signal Transduction - drug effects Substrates Transmitters ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus - drug effects Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus - metabolism
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Summary:	The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). In the brain, the glycogen reserve is maintained within the astrocyte cell compartment as an alternative energy source to blood-derived glucose. VMN astrocytes are direct targets for metabolic stimulus-driven noradrenergic signaling due to their adrenergic receptor expression (AR). The current review discusses recent affirmative evidence that neuro-metabolic stability in the VMN may be shaped by NE influence on astrocyte glycogen metabolism and glycogen-derived substrate fuel supply. Noradrenergic modulation of estrogen receptor (ER) control of VMN glycogen phosphorylase (GP) isoform expression supports the interaction of catecholamine and estradiol signals in shaping the physiological stimulus-specific control of astrocyte glycogen mobilization. Sex-dimorphic NE control of glycogen synthase and GP brain versus muscle type proteins may be due, in part, to the dissimilar noradrenergic governance of astrocyte AR and ER variant profiles in males versus females. Forthcoming advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanistic framework for catecholamine stimulus integration with other regulatory inputs to VMN astrocytes will undoubtedly reveal useful new molecular targets in each sex for glycogen mediated defense of neuronal metabolic equilibrium during neuro-glucopenia.
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067