Toxoplasma gondii, HBV, and HCV co‐infection and their correlation with CD4 cells among Iranian HIV‐positive patients

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) infected patients have a higher risk of opportunistic infections (OIs) depending on their immunological status, especially CD4 + cell count. Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are important OIs among Human Immu...

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Published in:Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Inflammation and Disease, 2023-02, Vol.11 (2), p.e794-n/a
Main Authors: Bazmjoo, Ahmadreza, Bagherzadeh, Mohammad Aref, Raoofi, Rahim, Taghipour, Ali, Mazaherifar, Samaneh, Sotoodeh, Hojatallah, Ostadi, Zahra, Shadmand, Enayat, Jahromi, Mirza A. M., Abdoli, Amir
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIDS
CD4
Coinfection
Cytomegalovirus
Disease
Females
Hepacivirus
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B - diagnosis
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - analysis
Hepatitis B virus - genetics
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C - diagnosis
HIV
HIV Infections
HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Immune system
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin M
Immunology
Infections
Iran
Liver cancer
Lymphocytes
Medical records
Mortality
Patients
Short Report
Short Reports
T cell
Toxoplasma
toxoplasmosis
Transplants & implants
Viruses
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Summary:Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) infected patients have a higher risk of opportunistic infections (OIs) depending on their immunological status, especially CD4 + cell count. Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are important OIs among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, little is known about co‐infection of these pathogens among HIV‐infected individuals and their correlation with the patient's CD4 + cell count. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular status of T. gondii infection among HIV‐infected individuals who had co‐infection with HBV and HCV infections. Methods A total of 100 HIV/AIDS patients in two cities in the southwest of Iran was tested for T. gondii Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies as well as DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the RE gene. HBV and HCV were detected by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test, hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab) test, and Real‐Time PCR. The number of CD4 + cell counts was determined by Flow cytometry. Results Anti‐T. gondii IgG was positive in 22% of the patients, but anti‐T. gondii IgM and PCR were negative in all samples. HBV and HCV were positive in 8% and 33% of the patients, respectively. Co‐infections were as followed: HIV + HCV (16%), HIV + HCV + T. gondii (11%), HIV + T. gondii (5%), HIV + HBV (1%), HIV + HBV + T. gondii (1%), HIV + HBV + HCV (1%), and HIV + HBV + HCV + T. gondii (5%). A significant decline in CD4 + cell counts was found in such co‐infection groups (HIV + T. gondii, HIV + HCV + T. gondii, and HIV + HBV + HCV + T. gondii) compared with the HIV mono‐infection group. Conclusions Our study showed that co‐infections of T. gondii, HCV, and HBV were common among HIV‐infected patients and co‐infections had a negative correlation with CD4 + cell counts of the patients. HIV/AIDS infected patients have a higher risk of opportunistic infections (OIs) depending on their immunological status, especially CD4 cell count. Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are important OIs among HIV/AIDS patients. The prevalence of HCV, HBV, and anti‐Toxoplasma IgG antibody were 33%, 8%, and 22%, respectively. Anti‐T. gondii IgM and PCR was negative in all samples. A significant decline in CD4 cell counts was found in such co‐infection groups (HIV + T. gondii, HIV + HCV + T. gondii, and HIV + HB
ISSN:2050-4527
2050-4527
DOI:10.1002/iid3.794