Antimicrobial activity and nanoremediation of heavy metals using biosynthesized CS/GO/ZnO nanocomposite by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 alone or immobilized in a macroporous cryogel

The world society is still suffering greatly from waterborne infections, with developing countries bearing most of the morbidity and death burden, especially concerning young children. Moreover, microbial resistance is one of the most prevalent global problems that extends the need for self-medicati...

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Published in:Microbial cell factories 2024-10, Vol.23 (1), p.278-20, Article 278
Main Authors: El-Zahed, Mohamed M, Abou-Dobara, Mohamed I, El-Khodary, Marwa M, Mousa, Mohamed M A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry
Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
Anti-infective agents
Anti-Infective Agents - chemistry
Anti-Infective Agents - metabolism
Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology
Antimicrobial
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis - drug effects
Bacillus subtilis - metabolism
Carbon compounds
Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering research
Chemical properties
Chitin
Chitosan
Chitosan - chemistry
Chitosan - metabolism
Chitosan - pharmacology
Cryogels - chemistry
Environmental aspects
Environmental remediation
Graphene oxide
Graphite - chemistry
Health aspects
Heavy metals
Metals, Heavy - metabolism
Methods
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Microbiological synthesis
Nanocomposite
Nanocomposites - chemistry
Nanoparticles
Physiological aspects
Production processes
Purification
Water
Zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide - chemistry
Zinc Oxide - metabolism
Zinc Oxide - pharmacology
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Summary:The world society is still suffering greatly from waterborne infections, with developing countries bearing most of the morbidity and death burden, especially concerning young children. Moreover, microbial resistance is one of the most prevalent global problems that extends the need for self-medication and the healing period, or it may be linked to treatment failure that results in further hospitalization, higher healthcare expenses, and higher mortality rates. Thus, innovative synthesis of new antimicrobial materials is required to preserve the environment and enhance human health. The present study highlighted a simple and cost-effective approach to biosynthesize a chitosan/graphene oxide/zinc oxide nanocomposite (CS/GO/ZnO) alone and immobilized in a macroporous cryogel as a new antimicrobial agent. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was used as a safe and efficient bio-nano-factory during biosynthesis. The formation of CS/GO/ZnO was confirmed and characterized using different analyses including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), selective area diffraction pattern (SADP), Zeta analyses, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). GO combined with ZnO NPs successfully and displayed an adsorption peak at 358 nm. The XRD results showed the crystalline composition of the loaded ZnO NPs on GO sheets. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of proteins during the synthesis which act as stabilizing and capping agents. The nanocomposite has a high negative surface charge (-32.8 ± 5.7 mV) which increases its stability. SEM and TEM showing the size of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was in the range of 40-50 nm. The CS/GO/ZnO alone or immobilized in cryogel revealed good antimicrobial activities against B. cereus ATCC 14,579, Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10,231 in a dose-dependent manner. The CS/GO/ZnO cryogel revealed higher antimicrobial activity than GO/ZnO nanocomposite and standard antibiotics (amoxicillin and miconazole) with inhibition zones averages of 24.33 ± 0.12, 15.67 ± 0.03, and 17.5 ± 0.49 mm, respectively. The MIC values of the prepared nanocomposite against B. cereus, E. coli, and C. albicans were 80, 80, and 90 µg/ml compared to standard drugs (90, 120 and 150 µg/ml, respectively). According to the TEM ultrastructure studies of nanocomposite-treated microbes, treated cells had severe deformities and morphological alterations
ISSN:1475-2859
1475-2859
DOI:10.1186/s12934-024-02535-6