Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Efflux Pump Inhibitory Properties of the Crude Extract and Fractions from Acacia macrostachya Stem Bark

Microbial infections remain a public health problem due to the upsurge of bacterial resistance. In this study, the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory activities of the stem bark of Acacia macrostachya, an indigenous African medicinal plant, were investigated. In traditional medic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:TheScientificWorld 2021, Vol.2021, p.5381993-10
Main Authors: Barfour, Akua Frema, Mensah, Abraham Yeboah, Asante-Kwatia, Evelyn, Danquah, Cynthia Amaning, Anokwah, Daniel, Adjei, Silas, Baah, Michael Kwesi, Mensah, Merlin L. K.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acacia
Acacia macrostachya
Accumulation
Acetic acid
Analgesics
Analysis
Anti-Bacterial Agents - isolation & purification
Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology
Antibacterial agents
Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial resistance
Bacteria
Bioactive compounds
Biofilms
Biofilms - drug effects
Biofilms - growth & development
Bioflavonoids
Care and treatment
Chlorpromazine
Chromatography
Column chromatography
Drug resistance
Drug resistance in microorganisms
E coli
Efflux
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli - drug effects
Escherichia coli - physiology
Esters
Ethidium bromide
Ethyl acetate
Flavones
Flavonoids
Gram-positive bacteria
Health aspects
Herbal medicine
Humans
Indigenous plants
Infections
Inflammation
Laboratories
Medicinal plants
Medicine
Medicine, Botanic
Medicine, Herbal
Membrane Transport Modulators - isolation & purification
Membrane Transport Modulators - pharmacology
Metabolites
Methanol
Microbial Sensitivity Tests - methods
Microorganisms
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Petroleum ether
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacy
Phytochemicals
Phytosterols
Plant Bark
Plant Extracts - isolation & purification
Plant Extracts - pharmacology
Plant Stems
Public health
Saponins
Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects
Staphylococcus aureus - physiology
Triterpenoids
Verapamil
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Summary:Microbial infections remain a public health problem due to the upsurge of bacterial resistance. In this study, the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory activities of the stem bark of Acacia macrostachya, an indigenous African medicinal plant, were investigated. In traditional medicine, the plant is used in the treatment of microbial infections and inflammatory conditions. A crude methanol extract obtained by Soxhlet extraction was partitioned by column chromatography to obtain the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions. Antibacterial, efflux pump inhibition and antibiofilm formation activities were assessed by the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi), ethidium bromide accumulation, and the crystal violet retention assay, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the crude extract and major fractions ranged from 250 to ≥500 μg/mL. At a concentration of 3.9–250 μg/mL, all extracts demonstrated >80% inhibition of biofilm formation in S. aureus. In P. aeruginosa, the EtOAc fraction showed the highest antibiofilm activity (59–69%) while the pet-ether fraction was most active against E. coli biofilms (45–67%). Among the test samples, the crude extract, methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions showed remarkable efflux pump inhibition in S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. At ½ MIC, the methanol fraction demonstrated significant accumulation of EtBr in E. coli having superior efflux inhibition over the standard EPIs: chlorpromazine and verapamil. Tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, coumarins, and saponins were identified in preliminary phytochemical studies. Stigmasterol was identified in the EtOAc fraction. This study justifies the use of A. macrostachya in the treatment of infections in traditional medicine and highlights its potential as a source of bioactive compounds that could possibly interact with some resistance mechanisms in bacteria to combat antimicrobial resistance.
ISSN:2356-6140
1537-744X
1537-744X
DOI:10.1155/2021/5381993