$The use of functional epirubicin liposomes to induce programmed death in refractory breast cancer$

The use of functional epirubicin liposomes to induce programmed death in refractory breast cancer

Currently, chemotherapy is less efficient in controlling the continued development of breast cancer because it cannot eliminate extrinsic and intrinsic refractory cancers. In this study, mitochondria were modified by functional epirubicin liposomes to eliminate refractory cancers through initiation...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of nanomedicine 2017-01, Vol.12, p.4163-4176
Main Authors:	Liu, Lei, Mu, Li-Min, Yan, Yan, Wu, Jia-Shuan, Hu, Ying-Jie, Bu, Ying-Zi, Zhang, Jing-Ying, Liu, Rui, Li, Xue-Qi, Lu, Wan-Liang
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Animals Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - administration & dosage Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - pharmacology Apoptosis Apoptosis - drug effects Breast cancer Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy Breast Neoplasms - pathology Cancer therapies Caspases - metabolism Chemotherapy Colorectal cancer Complications and side effects Development and progression Dosage and administration drug delivery Drug resistance Drug therapy efficacy Epirubicin Epirubicin - administration & dosage Epirubicin - pharmacology Female Humans Investigations Laboratories Lipids Liposomes Liposomes - administration & dosage Liposomes - chemistry Liposomes - pharmacology MCF-7 Cells Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Mitochondria Mitochondria - drug effects Mitochondria - metabolism Original Research Phosphatidylethanolamines - chemistry Physiological aspects Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry Properties Proteins Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism refractory breast cancer Stem cells Tissue Distribution Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Summary:	Currently, chemotherapy is less efficient in controlling the continued development of breast cancer because it cannot eliminate extrinsic and intrinsic refractory cancers. In this study, mitochondria were modified by functional epirubicin liposomes to eliminate refractory cancers through initiation of an apoptosis cascade. The efficacy and mechanism of epirubicin liposomes were investigated on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, high-content screening system, in vivo imaging system, and tumor inhibition in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that the liposomes could target the mitochondria, activate the apoptotic enzymes caspase 8, 9, and 3, upregulate the proapoptotic protein Bax while downregulating the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, and induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through an apoptosis cascade. In xenografted mice bearing breast cancer, the epirubicin liposomes demonstrated prolonged blood circulation, significantly increased accumulation in tumor tissue, and robust anticancer efficacy. This study demonstrated that functional epirubicin liposomes could significantly induce programmed death of refractory breast cancer by activating caspases and ROS-related apoptotic signaling pathways, in addition to the direct killing effect of the anticancer drug itself. Thus, we present a simple nanomedicine strategy to treat refractory breast cancer.
ISSN:	1178-2013 1176-9114 1178-2013