Tiotropium bromide exerts anti-inflammatory effects during resistive breathing, an experimental model of severe airway obstruction

Resistive breathing (RB), a hallmark of obstructive airway diseases, is characterized by strenuous contractions of the inspiratory muscles that impose increased mechanical stress on the lung. RB is shown to induce pulmonary inflammation in previous healthy animals. Tiotropium bromide, an anticholine...

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Published in:	International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2017-01, Vol.12, p.2207-2220
Main Authors:	Toumpanakis, Dimitrios, Loverdos, Konstantinos, Tzouda, Vassiliki, Vassilakopoulou, Vyronia, Litsiou, Eleni, Magkou, Christina, Karavana, Vassiliki, Pieper, Michael, Vassilakopoulos, Theodoros
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Administration, Inhalation Aerosols Airway management Airway Resistance Animals Anti-inflammatory agents Anti-Inflammatory Agents - administration & dosage Anti-inflammatory drugs Asthma Care and treatment Chemical properties Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Disease Models, Animal Female Health aspects Histology Inflammation Inflammation Mediators - metabolism Interleukin-1beta - metabolism Interleukin-6 - metabolism Laboratory animals Lung - drug effects Lung - metabolism Lung - physiopathology Lung Diseases, Obstructive - etiology Lung Diseases, Obstructive - metabolism Lung Diseases, Obstructive - physiopathology Lung Diseases, Obstructive - prevention & control Lung Injury - etiology Lung Injury - metabolism Lung Injury - physiopathology Lung Injury - prevention & control Macrophages - drug effects Macrophages - metabolism Mechanics Muscarinic Antagonists - administration & dosage Neutrophil Infiltration - drug effects Neutrophils Neutrophils - drug effects Neutrophils - metabolism Original Research Pneumonia - etiology Pneumonia - metabolism Pneumonia - physiopathology Pneumonia - prevention & control Proteins Pulmonary Ventilation Rats resistive breathing Respiration, Artificial - adverse effects Respiratory system Severity of Illness Index Statistical analysis Tiotropium tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide - administration & dosage Variance analysis
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Summary:	Resistive breathing (RB), a hallmark of obstructive airway diseases, is characterized by strenuous contractions of the inspiratory muscles that impose increased mechanical stress on the lung. RB is shown to induce pulmonary inflammation in previous healthy animals. Tiotropium bromide, an anticholinergic bronchodilator, is also shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of tiotropium on RB-induced pulmonary inflammation is unknown. Adult rats were anesthetized, tracheostomized and breathed spontaneously through a two-way non-rebreathing valve. Resistances were connected to the inspiratory and/or expiratory port, to produce inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB) of 40% or 50% / (40% and 50% IRB), expiratory resistive breathing (ERB) of 60% / (60% ERB) or combined resistive breathing (CRB) of both 40% / and 60% / (40%/60% CRB). Tiotropium aerosol was inhaled prior to RB. After 6 h of RB, mechanical parameters of the respiratory system were measured and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. IL-1β and IL-6 protein levels were measured in lung tissue. Lung injury was estimated histologically. In all, 40% and 50% IRB increased macrophage and neutrophil counts in BAL and raised IL-1β and IL-6 lung levels, tissue elasticity, BAL total protein levels and lung injury score. Tiotropium attenuated BAL neutrophil number, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and lung injury score increase at both 40% and 50% IRB. The increase in macrophage count and protein in BAL was only reversed at 40% IRB, while tissue elasticity was not affected. In all, 60% ERB raised BAL neutrophil count and total protein and reduced macrophage count. IL-1β and IL-6 levels and lung injury score were increased. Tiotropium attenuated these alterations, except for the decrease in macrophage count and the increase in total protein level. In all, 40%/60% CRB increased macrophage and neutrophil count in BAL, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, tissue elasticity, total protein in BAL and histological injury score. Tiotropium attenuated the aforementioned alterations. Tiotropium inhalation attenuates RB-induced pulmonary inflammation.
ISSN:	1178-2005 1176-9106 1178-2005