Comparison of Two Ginkgo biloba L. Extracts on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Human Endothelial Cells

Atherosclerosis is characterized by interaction between immune and vascular endothelial cells which is mediated by adhesion molecules occurring on the surface of the vascular endothelium leading to massive release of proinflammatory mediators. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) standardized extracts sho...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Mediators of inflammation 2019-01, Vol.2019, p.6173893-12
Main Authors:	Piazza, Stefano, Pacchetti, Barbara, Fumagalli, Marco, Bonacina, Fabrizia, Dell’Agli, Mario, Sangiovanni, Enrico
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Acetone Active Transport, Cell Nucleus Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology Antioxidants Antioxidants - pharmacology Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis - drug therapy Biological activity Cell adhesion molecules Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Cyclic AMP - metabolism Cytokines Dietary supplements E-selectin E-Selectin - metabolism Endothelial cells Endothelium Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects Ethanol Flavonoids Gene Expression Regulation Ginkgo biloba Herbal medicine Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells - drug effects Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells - metabolism Humans Inflammation Inflammation - drug therapy NF-kappa B - metabolism NF-κB protein Oxidative stress Oxidative Stress - drug effects Pharmaceuticals Phosphorylation Plant Extracts - pharmacology Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism Solvents Standardization Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Tumor necrosis factor-α Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - metabolism
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Summary:	Atherosclerosis is characterized by interaction between immune and vascular endothelial cells which is mediated by adhesion molecules occurring on the surface of the vascular endothelium leading to massive release of proinflammatory mediators. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) standardized extracts showing beneficial effects are commonly prepared by solvent extraction, and acetone is used according to the European Pharmacopoeia recommendations; the well-known Ginkgo biloba acetone extract EGb761® is the most clinically investigated. However, in some countries, the allowed amount of solvent is limited to ethanol, thus implying that the usage of a standardized Ginkgo biloba ethanol extract may be preferred in all those cases, such as for food supplements. The present paper investigates if ethanol and acetone extracts, with comparable standardization, may be considered comparable in terms of biological activity, focusing on the radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities. Both the extracts showed high inhibition of TNFα-induced VCAM-1 release (41.1-43.9 μg/mL), which was partly due to the NF-κB pathway impairment. Besides ROS decrease, cAMP increase following treatment with ginkgo extracts was addressed and proposed as further molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibition of endothelial E-selectin. No statistical difference was observed between the extracts. The present study demonstrates for the first time that ethanol and acetone extracts show comparable biological activities in human endothelial cell, thus providing new insights into the usage of ethanol extracts in those countries where restrictions in amount of acetone are present.
ISSN:	0962-9351 1466-1861