Review of emerging contaminant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate: Environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks to organisms and human health

•TDCPP is an emerging contaminant widely used as flame retardant.•TDCPP has been detected at high levels in multiple environmental media.•Humans are chronically exposed to TDCPP through multiple pathways.•TDCPP has been detected in human semen, plasma, breast milk, placenta and urine.•TDCPP induces...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Environment international 2020-10, Vol.143, p.105946, Article 105946
Main Authors:	Wang, Chen, Chen, Haibo, Li, Hui, Yu, Jun, Wang, Xiaoli, Liu, Yongdi
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Animals Ecosystem Emerging contaminant Environmental occurrence Female Flame Retardants - toxicity Health risks Humans Organophosphates - toxicity Organophosphorus Compounds Phosphates Toxicological effects Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
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Summary:	•TDCPP is an emerging contaminant widely used as flame retardant.•TDCPP has been detected at high levels in multiple environmental media.•Humans are chronically exposed to TDCPP through multiple pathways.•TDCPP has been detected in human semen, plasma, breast milk, placenta and urine.•TDCPP induces human reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a halogen-containing organophosphorus chemical that is widely employed in various consumer products with a high production volume. As an additive flame retardant (FR), TDCPP tends to be released into the environment through multiple routes. It is ubiquitous in environmental media, biotic matrixes, and humans, and thus is deemed to be an emerging environmental contaminant. To date, significant levels of TDCPP and its primary diester metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, have been detected in human samples of seminal plasma, breast milk, blood plasma, placenta, and urine, thereby causing wide concern about the potential human health effects resulting from exposure to this chemical. Despite the progress in research on TDCPP over the past few years, we are still far from fully understanding the environmental behavior and health risks of this emerging contaminant. Thus, this paper critically reviews the environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks posed by TDCPP to organisms and human health among the literature published in the last decade. It has been demonstrated that TDCPP induces acute-, nerve-, developmental-, reproductive-, hepatic-, nephron-, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity in animals, which has caused increasing concern worldwide. Simultaneously, TDCPP induces cytotoxicity by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple human cell lines in vitro, and also causes endocrine-disrupting effects, including reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to human epidemiology studies. This review not only provides a better understanding of the behavior of this emerging contaminant in the environment, but also enhances the comprehension of the health risks posed by TDCPP exposure to ecosystems and humans.
ISSN:	0160-4120 1873-6750