A refinement to the formalin test in mice [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those under...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:F1000 research 2019, Vol.8, p.891
Main Authors: Lopes, Douglas M, Cater, Heather L, Thakur, Matthew, Wells, Sara, McMahon, Stephen B
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Behavior, Animal
Cats
Formaldehyde
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Pain
Pain Measurement
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Summary:The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its proposal over four decades ago, there has not been any significant refinement to the formalin test, especially those combining minimisation of animal distress and preservation of behavioural outcomes of the test.  Here, we propose a modified and improved method for the formalin test. We show that anaesthetising the animal with the inhalable anaesthetic sevoflurane at the time of the injection can produce reliable, robust and reproducible results whilst animal distress during the initial phase is reduced. Importantly, our results were validated by pharmacological suppression of the behaviour during the late phase of the test with gabapentin, the anaesthetic showing no interference with the drug. In addition, we demonstrate that this is also a useful method to screen for changes in pain behaviour in response to formalin in transgenic lines.
ISSN:2046-1402
2046-1402
DOI:10.12688/f1000research.18338.1