Methods of Generating Submicrometer Phase-Shift Perfluorocarbon Droplets for Applications in Medical Ultrasonography

Continued advances in the field of ultrasound and ultrasound contrast agents have created new approaches to imaging and medical intervention. Phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets, which can be vaporized by ultrasound energy to transition from the liquid to the vapor state, are one of the most highly...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2017-01, Vol.64 (1), p.252-263
Main Authors: Sheeran, Paul S., Matsuura, Naomi, Borden, Mark A., Williams, Ross, Matsunaga, Terry O., Burns, Peter N., Dayton, Paul A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acoustics
Biomedical imaging
Cancer
Droplets
Focusing
High-intensity focused ultrasound
Liquids
medical imaging
Size distribution
therapeutics
Thermal stability
Ultrasonic imaging
ultrasound contrast agents
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Summary:Continued advances in the field of ultrasound and ultrasound contrast agents have created new approaches to imaging and medical intervention. Phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets, which can be vaporized by ultrasound energy to transition from the liquid to the vapor state, are one of the most highly researched alternatives to clinical ultrasound contrast agents (i.e., microbubbles). In this paper, part of a special issue on methods in biomedical ultrasonics, we survey current techniques to prepare ultrasound-activated nanoscale phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets, including sonication, extrusion, homogenization, microfluidics, and microbubble condensation. We provide example protocols and discuss advantages and limitations of each approach. Finally, we discuss best practice in characterization of this class of contrast agents with respect to size distribution and ultrasound activation.
ISSN:0885-3010
1525-8955
DOI:10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2619685