Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in source water and their treatment in drinking water

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurrence in drinking water and treatment methods for their removal are reviewed. PFAS are fluorinated substances whose unique properties make them effective surface-active agents with uses ranging from stain repellants to fire-fighting foams. In response...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Critical reviews in environmental science and technology 2019-12, Vol.49 (24), p.2359-2396
Main Authors: Crone, Brian C., Speth, Thomas F., Wahman, David G., Smith, Samantha J., Abulikemu, Gulizhaer, Kleiner, Eric J., Pressman, Jonathan G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Activated carbon
Activated carbon adsorption
Anion exchange
anion exchange resin
Anion exchanging
Contaminants
Contamination
Drinking water
drinking water treatment
Environmental protection
Fire fighting
Fluorination
Foams
Health risks
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
Perfluorooctanoic acid
PFAS
Pollution monitoring
Resins
reverse osmosis
Sulfonic acid
UCMR3
Water pollution
Water treatment
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Summary:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurrence in drinking water and treatment methods for their removal are reviewed. PFAS are fluorinated substances whose unique properties make them effective surface-active agents with uses ranging from stain repellants to fire-fighting foams. In response to concerns about drinking water contamination and health risks from PFAS exposure, the United States Environmental Protection Agency published Health Advisories (HAs) for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. The occurrence of six PFAS in drinking water has been reported in the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3), and subsequent analysis of the dataset suggested that four percent of water systems reported at least one detectable PFAS compound and 1.3 percent of water systems reported results above the HAs. Many treatment technologies have been evaluated in the literature, with the most promising and readily applied treatment technologies being activated carbon, anion exchange resins, and high-pressure membrane systems. From these data and literature reports, research and data gaps were identified and suggestions for future research are provided.
ISSN:1064-3389
1547-6537
DOI:10.1080/10643389.2019.1614848