Rapid Determination of Diphenylamine Residues in Apples and Pears with a Single Multicommuted Fluorometric Optosensor

In this work, a single flow injection multicommuted system using solid-surface fluorescence spectroscopy has been explored for the determination of diphenylamine in apples and pears. The native fluorescence signal of diphenylamine retained on the solid support (C18 silica gel) was used for its deter...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2005-12, Vol.53 (26), p.9874-9878
Main Authors: García-Reyes, Juan Francisco, Ortega-Barrales, Pilar, Molina-Díaz, Antonio
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
apples
Biological and medical sciences
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine - analysis
fluorescence emission spectroscopy
fluorometric optosensors
food analysis
food contamination
Food industries
Food Preservatives - analysis
Fruit and vegetable industries
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
fungicide residues
Indicators and Reagents
Malus - chemistry
pears
Pesticide Residues
Pyrus - chemistry
sensors
solid-surface fluorescence spectroscopy
Solvents
Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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Summary:In this work, a single flow injection multicommuted system using solid-surface fluorescence spectroscopy has been explored for the determination of diphenylamine in apples and pears. The native fluorescence signal of diphenylamine retained on the solid support (C18 silica gel) was used for its determination (λexc/λem 291/372 nm). The sample treatment consists of a liquid−liquid extraction with acetonitrile followed by a cleanup step using primary−secondary amines. The use of a continuous flow assembly implementing multicommutation, based on a set of three-way solenoid valves controlled by appropriate software, provides the automatic control of sample, carrier, and eluting solution with remarkable advantages in relation to conventional flow injection approaches. Using an optimized sampling time, the proposed method was linear in the range 0.25−5 mg kg-1 with a detection limit of 0.06 mg kg-1 and RSD (percent) values better than 3%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of diphenylamine in different apple and pear samples fortified at different concentrations, and recoveries between 78 and 104% were found. The results obtained illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method for the screening and evaluation of postharvest treatment of crops possibly containing diphenylamine. Keywords: Diphenylamine; pesticide; optosensor; multicommutation; food analysis
ISSN:0021-8561
1520-5118
DOI:10.1021/jf051973r