Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios

Pesticides can affect all receiving compartments, especially soils, and their fate and effects may be enhanced by temperature, increasing their risk to ecological functions of soils. In Brazil, the most widely used pesticides are the insecticide Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and the fungicide Score...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2020-05, Vol.194, p.110446, Article 110446
Main Authors:	Pitombeira de Figueirêdo, Livia, Athayde, Danillo B., Daam, Michiel A., van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., Guerra, Glauce da Silva, Duarte-Neto, Paulo José, Espíndola, Evaldo L.G.
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Allium cepa Animals Arthropods - physiology Brazil Dioxolanes - toxicity Environmental Exposure Folsomia candida Fungicides, Industrial Insecticides - toxicity Ivermectin - analogs & derivatives Ivermectin - toxicity Lycopersicum esculentum Mesocosm Mixture Pesticides - toxicity Soil Soil Pollutants - toxicity Temperature Toxicity Tests Triazoles - toxicity
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Summary:	Pesticides can affect all receiving compartments, especially soils, and their fate and effects may be enhanced by temperature, increasing their risk to ecological functions of soils. In Brazil, the most widely used pesticides are the insecticide Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and the fungicide Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole), which are commonly used in strawberry, often simultaneously as a mixture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of realistic environmental applications, single and in mixtures, for both pesticides to the springtail Folsomia candida and the plant species Allium cepa (onion) and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato). Mesocosms filled with Brazilian natural soil (lattosolo) were dosed with water (control), Kraft (10.8 g a.s/ha), Score (20 g.a.s/ha) and Kraft + Score (10.8 + 20 g a.s./ha). The applications were repeated every 7 days, during 18 days of experiment, and simulating rainfall twice a week. Collembola reproduction tests were conducted with soils from the first (day 1) and last day (day 18) of experiment for each treatment. Plant toxicity tests were carried out in the experimental units. The experiments were run at 23 °C and 33 °C. Kraft, alone and in the binary mixture, showed high toxicity to the springtails in soils from both days 1 and 18, especially at 23 °C where it caused 100% mortality. Score however, was not toxic to the springtails. Plant growth was reduced by Score, but responses varied depending on temperature. This study indicates a high environmental risk of the insecticide Kraft, particularly at lower temperatures (23 °C), and an influence of temperature on pesticide fate and effects. •Abamectin was more toxic than difenoconazole to Folsomia candida and plants (A. cepa and L. esculentum).•The abamectin toxicity was modified by temperature.•Mesocosm experiment can be used to simulate a realistic pesticide application scenario.
ISSN:	0147-6513 1090-2414