Complications of Diabetes and Metrics of Glycemic Management Derived From Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CG...

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Published in:	The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022-05, Vol.107 (6), p.e2221-e2236
Main Authors:	Yapanis, Michael, James, Steven, Craig, Maria E, O'Neal, David, Ekinci, Elif I
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Australia Benchmarking Blood Glucose Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring Blood sugar Blood sugar monitoring Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Complications and side effects Development and progression Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications Diabetes therapy Diabetic retinopathy Glycated Hemoglobin A - analysis Glycosylated hemoglobin Humans Mortality Online Only Patient monitoring equipment Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes
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Summary:	Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications. PubMed and Embase databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to August 22, 2020, using the terms type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, and measures of glycaemic variability. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not use CGM and studies involving participants who were not diabetic, acutely unwell (post stroke, post surgery), pregnant, or using insulin pumps. A total of 1636 records were identified, and 1602 were excluded, leaving 34 publications in the final review. Of the 20 852 total participants, 663 had type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 19 909 had type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glycemic variability and low time in range (TIR) showed associations with all studied microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Notably, higher TIR was associated with reduced risk of albuminuria, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease mortality, all-cause mortality, and abnormal carotid intima-media thickness. Peripheral neuropathy was predominantly associated with standard deviation of blood glucose levels (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). The evidence supports the association between diabetes complications and CGM-derived measures of intraday glycemic variability. TIR emerged as the most consistent measure, supporting its emerging role in clinical practice. More longitudinal studies and trials are required to confirm these associations, particularly for T1D, for which there are limited data.
ISSN:	0021-972X 1945-7197