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Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021
Background Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to...
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| Published in: | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) 2022-04, Vol.70 (4), p.960-967 |
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| creator | Dale, Ariella P. Hudson, Matthew J. Armenta, Darunee Friebus, Heather Ellingson, Katherine D. Davis, Kat Cullen, Theresa Brady, Shane Komatsu, Kenneth K. Stone, Nimalie D. Uyeki, Timothy M. Slifka, Kara Jacobs Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M. Keaton, Amelia A. |
| description | Background
Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19, but information on mAb effectiveness in SNF residents with COVID‐19 is limited. We assessed outcomes in SNF residents with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 associated with an outbreak in Arizona during January–February 2021 that did and did not receive a mAb.
Methods
Medical records were reviewed to describe the effect of bamlanivimab therapy on COVID‐19 mortality. Secondary outcomes included referral to an acute care setting and escalation of medical therapies at the SNF (e.g., new oxygen requirements). Residents treated with bamlanivimab were compared to residents who were eligible for treatment under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) but were not treated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine association between outcomes and treatment status.
Results
Seventy‐five residents identified with COVID‐19 during this outbreak met eligibility for mAb treatment, of whom 56 received bamlanivimab. Treated and untreated groups were similar in age and comorbidities associated with increased risk of severe COVID‐19 disease. Treatment with bamlanivimab was associated with reduced 21‐day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.39) and lower odds of initiating oxygen therapy (adjusted OR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34). Referrals to acute care were not significantly different between treated and untreated residents.
Conclusions
mAb therapy was successfully administered to SNF residents with COVID‐19 in a large outbreak setting. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced 21‐day mortality and reduced initiation of oxygen therapy. As the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves and newer immunotherapies gain FDA authorization, more studies of the effectiveness of mAb therapies for treating emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern in high‐risk congregate settings are needed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jgs.17705 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9115062</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2647059720</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4715-20c6f1a5ce214e493ac74d42ad6e0d1d469f786d9ad7054cf63e70432ba1c21b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc1u1DAURi0EokNhwQsgS2xAIq2v48TJBqkaoBRV6oKfreXYztRTx57aCSiw6SOw4An7JHiYUgES3ljyPT76dD-EHgM5gHwO16t0AJyT6g5aQFXSomJQ3UULQggtmhrYHnqQ0poQoKRp7qO9sgIGDWcL9G3prLdKOhymUYXBJBx6PAQflAs-P0s_2i7oGY_nJsrNjPUUrV9hiZdnn05eXV99h3b7t4tGXmDr8yBdWOeMxn6KaYv2Ullnx_n66sdRtF-z9gWmhMJDdK-XLplHN_c--vjm9Yfl2-L07PhkeXRaKMahKihRdQ-yUoYCM6wtpeJMMyp1bYgGzeq2502tW6nzCpjq69JwwkraSVAUunIfvdx5N1M3GK2MH6N0YhPtIOMsgrTi74m352IVPosWoCI1zYJnN4IYLieTRjHYpIxz0pswJUFryhmvG2gz-vQfdB2mmBe5pVjO13JKMvV8R6kYUoqmvw0DRGwrFblS8avSzD75M_0t-bvDDBzugC_Wmfn_JvHu-P1O-RP0_a1Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2647059720</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021</title><source>Wiley</source><creator>Dale, Ariella P. ; Hudson, Matthew J. ; Armenta, Darunee ; Friebus, Heather ; Ellingson, Katherine D. ; Davis, Kat ; Cullen, Theresa ; Brady, Shane ; Komatsu, Kenneth K. ; Stone, Nimalie D. ; Uyeki, Timothy M. ; Slifka, Kara Jacobs ; Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M. ; Keaton, Amelia A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Dale, Ariella P. ; Hudson, Matthew J. ; Armenta, Darunee ; Friebus, Heather ; Ellingson, Katherine D. ; Davis, Kat ; Cullen, Theresa ; Brady, Shane ; Komatsu, Kenneth K. ; Stone, Nimalie D. ; Uyeki, Timothy M. ; Slifka, Kara Jacobs ; Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M. ; Keaton, Amelia A.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19, but information on mAb effectiveness in SNF residents with COVID‐19 is limited. We assessed outcomes in SNF residents with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 associated with an outbreak in Arizona during January–February 2021 that did and did not receive a mAb.
Methods
Medical records were reviewed to describe the effect of bamlanivimab therapy on COVID‐19 mortality. Secondary outcomes included referral to an acute care setting and escalation of medical therapies at the SNF (e.g., new oxygen requirements). Residents treated with bamlanivimab were compared to residents who were eligible for treatment under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) but were not treated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine association between outcomes and treatment status.
Results
Seventy‐five residents identified with COVID‐19 during this outbreak met eligibility for mAb treatment, of whom 56 received bamlanivimab. Treated and untreated groups were similar in age and comorbidities associated with increased risk of severe COVID‐19 disease. Treatment with bamlanivimab was associated with reduced 21‐day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.39) and lower odds of initiating oxygen therapy (adjusted OR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34). Referrals to acute care were not significantly different between treated and untreated residents.
Conclusions
mAb therapy was successfully administered to SNF residents with COVID‐19 in a large outbreak setting. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced 21‐day mortality and reduced initiation of oxygen therapy. As the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves and newer immunotherapies gain FDA authorization, more studies of the effectiveness of mAb therapies for treating emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern in high‐risk congregate settings are needed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-8614</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-5415</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17705</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35141874</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Arizona ; Brief Report ; Clinical outcomes ; COVID-19 ; COVID‐19‐Related Content ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Medical records ; Monoclonal antibodies ; monoclonal antibody therapy ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nursing ; outbreak ; Outbreaks ; Oxygen ; Oxygen therapy ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Skilled Nursing Facilities</subject><ispartof>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2022-04, Vol.70 (4), p.960-967</ispartof><rights>2022 The American Geriatrics Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.</rights><rights>2022 American Geriatrics Society and Wiley Periodicals LLC</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4715-20c6f1a5ce214e493ac74d42ad6e0d1d469f786d9ad7054cf63e70432ba1c21b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4715-20c6f1a5ce214e493ac74d42ad6e0d1d469f786d9ad7054cf63e70432ba1c21b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1891-919X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fjgs.17705$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fjgs.17705$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,786,790,891,27957,27958,50923,51032</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35141874$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dale, Ariella P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hudson, Matthew J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Armenta, Darunee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Friebus, Heather</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellingson, Katherine D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davis, Kat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullen, Theresa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brady, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Komatsu, Kenneth K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Nimalie D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uyeki, Timothy M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slifka, Kara Jacobs</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keaton, Amelia A.</creatorcontrib><title>Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021</title><title>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</title><addtitle>J Am Geriatr Soc</addtitle><description>Background
Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19, but information on mAb effectiveness in SNF residents with COVID‐19 is limited. We assessed outcomes in SNF residents with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 associated with an outbreak in Arizona during January–February 2021 that did and did not receive a mAb.
Methods
Medical records were reviewed to describe the effect of bamlanivimab therapy on COVID‐19 mortality. Secondary outcomes included referral to an acute care setting and escalation of medical therapies at the SNF (e.g., new oxygen requirements). Residents treated with bamlanivimab were compared to residents who were eligible for treatment under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) but were not treated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine association between outcomes and treatment status.
Results
Seventy‐five residents identified with COVID‐19 during this outbreak met eligibility for mAb treatment, of whom 56 received bamlanivimab. Treated and untreated groups were similar in age and comorbidities associated with increased risk of severe COVID‐19 disease. Treatment with bamlanivimab was associated with reduced 21‐day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.39) and lower odds of initiating oxygen therapy (adjusted OR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34). Referrals to acute care were not significantly different between treated and untreated residents.
Conclusions
mAb therapy was successfully administered to SNF residents with COVID‐19 in a large outbreak setting. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced 21‐day mortality and reduced initiation of oxygen therapy. As the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves and newer immunotherapies gain FDA authorization, more studies of the effectiveness of mAb therapies for treating emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern in high‐risk congregate settings are needed.</description><subject>Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</subject><subject>Antibodies, Neutralizing</subject><subject>Arizona</subject><subject>Brief Report</subject><subject>Clinical outcomes</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID‐19‐Related Content</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunotherapy</subject><subject>Medical records</subject><subject>Monoclonal antibodies</subject><subject>monoclonal antibody therapy</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Nursing</subject><subject>outbreak</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Oxygen therapy</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Skilled Nursing Facilities</subject><issn>0002-8614</issn><issn>1532-5415</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kc1u1DAURi0EokNhwQsgS2xAIq2v48TJBqkaoBRV6oKfreXYztRTx57aCSiw6SOw4An7JHiYUgES3ljyPT76dD-EHgM5gHwO16t0AJyT6g5aQFXSomJQ3UULQggtmhrYHnqQ0poQoKRp7qO9sgIGDWcL9G3prLdKOhymUYXBJBx6PAQflAs-P0s_2i7oGY_nJsrNjPUUrV9hiZdnn05eXV99h3b7t4tGXmDr8yBdWOeMxn6KaYv2Ullnx_n66sdRtF-z9gWmhMJDdK-XLplHN_c--vjm9Yfl2-L07PhkeXRaKMahKihRdQ-yUoYCM6wtpeJMMyp1bYgGzeq2502tW6nzCpjq69JwwkraSVAUunIfvdx5N1M3GK2MH6N0YhPtIOMsgrTi74m352IVPosWoCI1zYJnN4IYLieTRjHYpIxz0pswJUFryhmvG2gz-vQfdB2mmBe5pVjO13JKMvV8R6kYUoqmvw0DRGwrFblS8avSzD75M_0t-bvDDBzugC_Wmfn_JvHu-P1O-RP0_a1Q</recordid><startdate>202204</startdate><enddate>202204</enddate><creator>Dale, Ariella P.</creator><creator>Hudson, Matthew J.</creator><creator>Armenta, Darunee</creator><creator>Friebus, Heather</creator><creator>Ellingson, Katherine D.</creator><creator>Davis, Kat</creator><creator>Cullen, Theresa</creator><creator>Brady, Shane</creator><creator>Komatsu, Kenneth K.</creator><creator>Stone, Nimalie D.</creator><creator>Uyeki, Timothy M.</creator><creator>Slifka, Kara Jacobs</creator><creator>Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M.</creator><creator>Keaton, Amelia A.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1891-919X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202204</creationdate><title>Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021</title><author>Dale, Ariella P. ; Hudson, Matthew J. ; Armenta, Darunee ; Friebus, Heather ; Ellingson, Katherine D. ; Davis, Kat ; Cullen, Theresa ; Brady, Shane ; Komatsu, Kenneth K. ; Stone, Nimalie D. ; Uyeki, Timothy M. ; Slifka, Kara Jacobs ; Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M. ; Keaton, Amelia A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4715-20c6f1a5ce214e493ac74d42ad6e0d1d469f786d9ad7054cf63e70432ba1c21b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</topic><topic>Antibodies, Neutralizing</topic><topic>Arizona</topic><topic>Brief Report</topic><topic>Clinical outcomes</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID‐19‐Related Content</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunotherapy</topic><topic>Medical records</topic><topic>Monoclonal antibodies</topic><topic>monoclonal antibody therapy</topic><topic>Morbidity</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Nursing</topic><topic>outbreak</topic><topic>Outbreaks</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Oxygen therapy</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Skilled Nursing Facilities</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dale, Ariella P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hudson, Matthew J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Armenta, Darunee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Friebus, Heather</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellingson, Katherine D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davis, Kat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullen, Theresa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brady, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Komatsu, Kenneth K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stone, Nimalie D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uyeki, Timothy M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slifka, Kara Jacobs</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keaton, Amelia A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dale, Ariella P.</au><au>Hudson, Matthew J.</au><au>Armenta, Darunee</au><au>Friebus, Heather</au><au>Ellingson, Katherine D.</au><au>Davis, Kat</au><au>Cullen, Theresa</au><au>Brady, Shane</au><au>Komatsu, Kenneth K.</au><au>Stone, Nimalie D.</au><au>Uyeki, Timothy M.</au><au>Slifka, Kara Jacobs</au><au>Pérez‐Vélez, Carlos M.</au><au>Keaton, Amelia A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS)</jtitle><addtitle>J Am Geriatr Soc</addtitle><date>2022-04</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>70</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>960</spage><epage>967</epage><pages>960-967</pages><issn>0002-8614</issn><eissn>1532-5415</eissn><notes>Funding information</notes><notes>None.</notes><notes>Ariella P. Dale, Matthew J. Hudson, Carlos M. Perez‐Velez, and Amelia A. Keaton equally contributed as lead or senior authors.</notes><notes>The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of Pima County Health Department, Arizona Department of Health Services, or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</notes><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><notes>Funding information None.</notes><abstract>Background
Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19, but information on mAb effectiveness in SNF residents with COVID‐19 is limited. We assessed outcomes in SNF residents with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 associated with an outbreak in Arizona during January–February 2021 that did and did not receive a mAb.
Methods
Medical records were reviewed to describe the effect of bamlanivimab therapy on COVID‐19 mortality. Secondary outcomes included referral to an acute care setting and escalation of medical therapies at the SNF (e.g., new oxygen requirements). Residents treated with bamlanivimab were compared to residents who were eligible for treatment under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) but were not treated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine association between outcomes and treatment status.
Results
Seventy‐five residents identified with COVID‐19 during this outbreak met eligibility for mAb treatment, of whom 56 received bamlanivimab. Treated and untreated groups were similar in age and comorbidities associated with increased risk of severe COVID‐19 disease. Treatment with bamlanivimab was associated with reduced 21‐day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.39) and lower odds of initiating oxygen therapy (adjusted OR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34). Referrals to acute care were not significantly different between treated and untreated residents.
Conclusions
mAb therapy was successfully administered to SNF residents with COVID‐19 in a large outbreak setting. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced 21‐day mortality and reduced initiation of oxygen therapy. As the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves and newer immunotherapies gain FDA authorization, more studies of the effectiveness of mAb therapies for treating emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern in high‐risk congregate settings are needed.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, USA</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>35141874</pmid><doi>10.1111/jgs.17705</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1891-919X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS), 2022-04, Vol.70 (4), p.960-967 |
| issn | 0002-8614 1532-5415 |
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| source | Wiley |
| subjects | Antibodies, Monoclonal - therapeutic use Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized Antibodies, Neutralizing Arizona Brief Report Clinical outcomes COVID-19 COVID‐19‐Related Content Humans Immunotherapy Medical records Monoclonal antibodies monoclonal antibody therapy Morbidity Mortality Nursing outbreak Outbreaks Oxygen Oxygen therapy Pandemics SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Skilled Nursing Facilities |
| title | Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021 |
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