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Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization
Importance Despite calls for cannabis decriminalization and legalization, research investigating the association of policy with arrest rates and racial disparities is scarce. Objectives To examine racial differences in cannabis arrest rates among adults and youths after statewide decriminalization,...
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| Published in: | JAMA health forum 2021-10, Vol.2 (10), p.e213435-e213435 |
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| creator | Sheehan, Brynn E. Grucza, Richard A. Plunk, Andrew D. |
| description | Importance Despite calls for cannabis decriminalization and legalization, research investigating the association of policy with arrest rates and racial disparities is scarce. Objectives To examine racial differences in cannabis arrest rates among adults and youths after statewide decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study used race-based arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results county-level population data from January 2000 through December 2019. Data were analyzed in July 2021. Event-study analyses based on the arrest rates from 43 US states were conducted to compare preimplementation and postimplementation differences in arrest rates for states with decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Exposures Nine states implemented legalization, 8 implemented decriminalization, and 26 had no policy change. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures were cannabis arrest rates for Black and White adults and youths per year and by state, while controlling for several covariates. Results Rates were reported per 100 000. When comparing absolute differences in arrests from January to December 2008 (before policy changes) to January to December 2019, legalization was associated with 561 and 195 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 448.6 and 117.1 fewer arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. States without a policy change saw reductions of 47.5 and 33.0 arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. Among youth, legalization was associated with 131.1 and 131.2 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 156.1 and 124.7 fewer arrests for Black and White youths, respectively. Among states without a policy change, arrests reduced by 35 and 52.4 for Black and White youths, respectively. Plotted trends of the arrest ratios from January 2000 through December 2019 suggests racial disparities remained over time. Event-study analyses suggest that decriminalization was associated with an arrest rate reduction for Black and White adults and youths. The timing of reductions suggests differential policy effects. Arrest disparities increased in states that did not have a cannabis policy change. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study of states with and without cannabis decriminalization and legalization policies, increased arrest rate disparities in states without either policy highlight the need for targeted int |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3435 |
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Objectives To examine racial differences in cannabis arrest rates among adults and youths after statewide decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study used race-based arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results county-level population data from January 2000 through December 2019. Data were analyzed in July 2021. Event-study analyses based on the arrest rates from 43 US states were conducted to compare preimplementation and postimplementation differences in arrest rates for states with decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Exposures Nine states implemented legalization, 8 implemented decriminalization, and 26 had no policy change. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures were cannabis arrest rates for Black and White adults and youths per year and by state, while controlling for several covariates. Results Rates were reported per 100 000. When comparing absolute differences in arrests from January to December 2008 (before policy changes) to January to December 2019, legalization was associated with 561 and 195 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 448.6 and 117.1 fewer arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. States without a policy change saw reductions of 47.5 and 33.0 arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. Among youth, legalization was associated with 131.1 and 131.2 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 156.1 and 124.7 fewer arrests for Black and White youths, respectively. Among states without a policy change, arrests reduced by 35 and 52.4 for Black and White youths, respectively. Plotted trends of the arrest ratios from January 2000 through December 2019 suggests racial disparities remained over time. Event-study analyses suggest that decriminalization was associated with an arrest rate reduction for Black and White adults and youths. The timing of reductions suggests differential policy effects. Arrest disparities increased in states that did not have a cannabis policy change. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study of states with and without cannabis decriminalization and legalization policies, increased arrest rate disparities in states without either policy highlight the need for targeted interventions to address racial injustice.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2689-0186</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2689-0186</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3435</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35977162</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chicago: American Medical Association</publisher><subject>Arrests ; Comments ; Decriminalization ; Inequality ; Marijuana ; Online Only ; Original Investigation ; Racial differences</subject><ispartof>JAMA health forum, 2021-10, Vol.2 (10), p.e213435-e213435</ispartof><rights>2021. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Copyright 2021 Sheehan BE et al. .</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-a293797d4c64d6abb292860b4fd3d165f09f22e7c6722e06d3cfb3d77ee9e05a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-a293797d4c64d6abb292860b4fd3d165f09f22e7c6722e06d3cfb3d77ee9e05a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2666953418?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,786,790,891,25783,27957,27958,37047,37048,44625</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sheehan, Brynn E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grucza, Richard A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plunk, Andrew D.</creatorcontrib><title>Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization</title><title>JAMA health forum</title><description>Importance Despite calls for cannabis decriminalization and legalization, research investigating the association of policy with arrest rates and racial disparities is scarce. Objectives To examine racial differences in cannabis arrest rates among adults and youths after statewide decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study used race-based arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results county-level population data from January 2000 through December 2019. Data were analyzed in July 2021. Event-study analyses based on the arrest rates from 43 US states were conducted to compare preimplementation and postimplementation differences in arrest rates for states with decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Exposures Nine states implemented legalization, 8 implemented decriminalization, and 26 had no policy change. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures were cannabis arrest rates for Black and White adults and youths per year and by state, while controlling for several covariates. Results Rates were reported per 100 000. When comparing absolute differences in arrests from January to December 2008 (before policy changes) to January to December 2019, legalization was associated with 561 and 195 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 448.6 and 117.1 fewer arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. States without a policy change saw reductions of 47.5 and 33.0 arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. Among youth, legalization was associated with 131.1 and 131.2 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 156.1 and 124.7 fewer arrests for Black and White youths, respectively. Among states without a policy change, arrests reduced by 35 and 52.4 for Black and White youths, respectively. Plotted trends of the arrest ratios from January 2000 through December 2019 suggests racial disparities remained over time. Event-study analyses suggest that decriminalization was associated with an arrest rate reduction for Black and White adults and youths. The timing of reductions suggests differential policy effects. Arrest disparities increased in states that did not have a cannabis policy change. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study of states with and without cannabis decriminalization and legalization policies, increased arrest rate disparities in states without either policy highlight the need for targeted interventions to address racial injustice.</description><subject>Arrests</subject><subject>Comments</subject><subject>Decriminalization</subject><subject>Inequality</subject><subject>Marijuana</subject><subject>Online Only</subject><subject>Original Investigation</subject><subject>Racial differences</subject><issn>2689-0186</issn><issn>2689-0186</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkd1u1DAQhSNERau272DEDTe7-Cex4xukaMtPpZWKWhDiyprYzsarJF5sB1TegjfG0VYFejWe8efj0TlF8ZLgNcGYvNnDCL2FIfWdD_O4ppiSNStZ9aw4o7yWK0xq_vyf82lxGeMeY0wrQrhgL4pTVkkhCKdnxe8mRq8dJOcn5Dt0C7kZ0JWLBwgu3S-zDUwTtC6iTz5GG-OCNiHYmCJqRj_tUGPmITcwGfTNz6mP6KtLPbpLkOxPZ-xfiSurgxvdBIP7dfx0ebS1u8fBRXHSwRDt5UM9L768f_d583G1vflwvWm2K13SOq2ASiakMKXmpeHQtlTSmuO27AwzhFcdlh2lVmgucsHcMN21zAhhrbS4AnZevD3qHuZ2tEbbKQUY1CGvB-FeeXDq_5vJ9Wrnf6haUIFLkgVePwgE_33ObqjRRW2HASbr56gyxWTNCREZffUE3fs5ZBMyxTmXFStJnSl5pHTIRgfbPS5DsFqyV0-yV0v2asme_QH8R6mk</recordid><startdate>20211029</startdate><enddate>20211029</enddate><creator>Sheehan, Brynn E.</creator><creator>Grucza, Richard A.</creator><creator>Plunk, Andrew D.</creator><general>American Medical Association</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88C</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20211029</creationdate><title>Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization</title><author>Sheehan, Brynn E. ; Grucza, Richard A. ; Plunk, Andrew D.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-a293797d4c64d6abb292860b4fd3d165f09f22e7c6722e06d3cfb3d77ee9e05a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Arrests</topic><topic>Comments</topic><topic>Decriminalization</topic><topic>Inequality</topic><topic>Marijuana</topic><topic>Online Only</topic><topic>Original Investigation</topic><topic>Racial differences</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sheehan, Brynn E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grucza, Richard A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plunk, Andrew D.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Proquest)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>JAMA health forum</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sheehan, Brynn E.</au><au>Grucza, Richard A.</au><au>Plunk, Andrew D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization</atitle><jtitle>JAMA health forum</jtitle><date>2021-10-29</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e213435</spage><epage>e213435</epage><pages>e213435-e213435</pages><issn>2689-0186</issn><eissn>2689-0186</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><abstract>Importance Despite calls for cannabis decriminalization and legalization, research investigating the association of policy with arrest rates and racial disparities is scarce. Objectives To examine racial differences in cannabis arrest rates among adults and youths after statewide decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study used race-based arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results county-level population data from January 2000 through December 2019. Data were analyzed in July 2021. Event-study analyses based on the arrest rates from 43 US states were conducted to compare preimplementation and postimplementation differences in arrest rates for states with decriminalization, legalization, and no policy changes. Exposures Nine states implemented legalization, 8 implemented decriminalization, and 26 had no policy change. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome measures were cannabis arrest rates for Black and White adults and youths per year and by state, while controlling for several covariates. Results Rates were reported per 100 000. When comparing absolute differences in arrests from January to December 2008 (before policy changes) to January to December 2019, legalization was associated with 561 and 195 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 448.6 and 117.1 fewer arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. States without a policy change saw reductions of 47.5 and 33.0 arrests for Black and White adults, respectively. Among youth, legalization was associated with 131.1 and 131.2 fewer arrests and decriminalization with 156.1 and 124.7 fewer arrests for Black and White youths, respectively. Among states without a policy change, arrests reduced by 35 and 52.4 for Black and White youths, respectively. Plotted trends of the arrest ratios from January 2000 through December 2019 suggests racial disparities remained over time. Event-study analyses suggest that decriminalization was associated with an arrest rate reduction for Black and White adults and youths. The timing of reductions suggests differential policy effects. Arrest disparities increased in states that did not have a cannabis policy change. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study of states with and without cannabis decriminalization and legalization policies, increased arrest rate disparities in states without either policy highlight the need for targeted interventions to address racial injustice.</abstract><cop>Chicago</cop><pub>American Medical Association</pub><pmid>35977162</pmid><doi>10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3435</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Arrests Comments Decriminalization Inequality Marijuana Online Only Original Investigation Racial differences |
| title | Association of Racial Disparity of Cannabis Possession Arrests Among Adults and Youths With Statewide Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization |
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