Broken detailed balance at mesoscopic scales in active biological systems

Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are not only characterized by time-independent macroscopic properties, but also satisfy the principle of detailed balance in the transitions between microscopic configurations. Living systems function out of equilibrium and are characterized by directed fluxes th...

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Published in:Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 2016-04, Vol.352 (6285), p.604-607
Main Authors: Battle, Christopher, Broedersz, Chase P., Fakhri, Nikta, Geyer, Veikko F., Howard, Jonathon, Schmidt, Christoph F., MacKintosh, Fred C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - physiology
Cilia - physiology
Dogs
Epithelial Cells - physiology
Equilibrium
Flagella - physiology
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Microscopy
Microscopy - methods
Models, Biological
Molecular biology
Motion
Thermodynamics
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description Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are not only characterized by time-independent macroscopic properties, but also satisfy the principle of detailed balance in the transitions between microscopic configurations. Living systems function out of equilibrium and are characterized by directed fluxes through chemical states, which violate detailed balance at the molecular scale. Here we introduce a method to probe for broken detailed balance and demonstrate how such nonequilibrium dynamics are manifest at the mesosopic scale. The periodic beating of an isolated flagellum from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits probability flux in the phase space of shapes. With a model, we show how the breaking of detailed balance can also be quantified in stationary, nonequilibrium stochastic systems in the absence of periodic motion. We further demonstrate such broken detailed balance in the nonperiodic fluctuations of primary cilia of epithelial cells. Our analysis provides a general tool to identify nonequilibrium dynamics in cells and tissues.
doi_str_mv 10.1126/science.aac8167
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subjects Animals
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - physiology
Cilia - physiology
Dogs
Epithelial Cells - physiology
Equilibrium
Flagella - physiology
Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Microscopy
Microscopy - methods
Models, Biological
Molecular biology
Motion
Thermodynamics
title Broken detailed balance at mesoscopic scales in active biological systems
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