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Glycomacropeptide is a prebiotic that reduces Desulfovibrio bacteria, increases cecal short-chain fatty acids, and is anti-inflammatory in mice
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid (AA) glycophosphopeptide with application to the nutritional management of phenylketonuria (PKU), obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GMP is a putative prebiotic based on extensive glycosylation with sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine. Our...
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| Published in: | American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2015-10, Vol.309 (7), p.G590-G601 |
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| container_end_page | G601 |
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| container_title | American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology |
| container_volume | 309 |
| creator | Sawin, Emily A De Wolfe, Travis J Aktas, Busra Stroup, Bridget M Murali, Sangita G Steele, James L Ney, Denise M |
| description | Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid (AA) glycophosphopeptide with application to the nutritional management of phenylketonuria (PKU), obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GMP is a putative prebiotic based on extensive glycosylation with sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine. Our objective was to determine the prebiotic properties of GMP by characterizing cecal and fecal microbiota populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and immune responses. Weanling PKU (Pah(enu2)) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice were fed isoenergetic AA, GMP, or casein diets for 8 wk. The cecal content and feces were collected for microbial DNA extraction to perform 16S microbiota analysis by Ion Torrent PGM sequencing. SCFA were determined by gas chromatography, plasma cytokines via a Bio-Plex Pro assay, and splenocyte T cell populations by flow cytometry. Changes in cecal and fecal microbiota are primarily diet dependent. The GMP diet resulted in a reduction from 30-35 to 7% in Proteobacteria, genera Desulfovibrio, in both WT and PKU mice with genotype-dependent changes in Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. Cecal concentrations of the SCFA acetate, propionate, and butyrate were increased with GMP. The percentage of stimulated spleen cells producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly reduced in mice fed GMP compared with casein. In summary, plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 were reduced in mice fed GMP. GMP is a prebiotic based on reduction in Desulfovibrio, increased SCFA, and lower indexes of inflammation compared with casein and AA diets in mice. Functional foods made with GMP may be beneficial in the management of PKU, obesity, and IBD. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1152/ajpgi.00211.2015 |
| format | article |
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GMP is a putative prebiotic based on extensive glycosylation with sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine. Our objective was to determine the prebiotic properties of GMP by characterizing cecal and fecal microbiota populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and immune responses. Weanling PKU (Pah(enu2)) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice were fed isoenergetic AA, GMP, or casein diets for 8 wk. The cecal content and feces were collected for microbial DNA extraction to perform 16S microbiota analysis by Ion Torrent PGM sequencing. SCFA were determined by gas chromatography, plasma cytokines via a Bio-Plex Pro assay, and splenocyte T cell populations by flow cytometry. Changes in cecal and fecal microbiota are primarily diet dependent. The GMP diet resulted in a reduction from 30-35 to 7% in Proteobacteria, genera Desulfovibrio, in both WT and PKU mice with genotype-dependent changes in Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. Cecal concentrations of the SCFA acetate, propionate, and butyrate were increased with GMP. The percentage of stimulated spleen cells producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly reduced in mice fed GMP compared with casein. In summary, plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 were reduced in mice fed GMP. GMP is a prebiotic based on reduction in Desulfovibrio, increased SCFA, and lower indexes of inflammation compared with casein and AA diets in mice. 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GMP is a putative prebiotic based on extensive glycosylation with sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine. Our objective was to determine the prebiotic properties of GMP by characterizing cecal and fecal microbiota populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and immune responses. Weanling PKU (Pah(enu2)) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice were fed isoenergetic AA, GMP, or casein diets for 8 wk. The cecal content and feces were collected for microbial DNA extraction to perform 16S microbiota analysis by Ion Torrent PGM sequencing. SCFA were determined by gas chromatography, plasma cytokines via a Bio-Plex Pro assay, and splenocyte T cell populations by flow cytometry. Changes in cecal and fecal microbiota are primarily diet dependent. The GMP diet resulted in a reduction from 30-35 to 7% in Proteobacteria, genera Desulfovibrio, in both WT and PKU mice with genotype-dependent changes in Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. Cecal concentrations of the SCFA acetate, propionate, and butyrate were increased with GMP. The percentage of stimulated spleen cells producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly reduced in mice fed GMP compared with casein. In summary, plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 were reduced in mice fed GMP. GMP is a prebiotic based on reduction in Desulfovibrio, increased SCFA, and lower indexes of inflammation compared with casein and AA diets in mice. Functional foods made with GMP may be beneficial in the management of PKU, obesity, and IBD.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Caseins - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Cecum - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytokines - blood</subject><subject>Desulfovibrio - drug effects</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Volatile - metabolism</subject><subject>Feces - microbiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Flow Cytometry</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects</subject><subject>Glycosylation</subject><subject>Inflammatory bowel disease</subject><subject>Interferon</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred C57BL</subject><subject>Microbiome and Host Interactions</subject><subject>Peptide Fragments - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Peptides</subject><subject>Phenylketonurias - drug therapy</subject><subject>Phenylketonurias - metabolism</subject><subject>Prebiotics</subject><subject>Prebiotics - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>T cell receptors</subject><issn>0193-1857</issn><issn>1522-1547</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkU1v1DAQhi1ERbeFOydkiQuHZvFHvE4uSFUpbaVKXOBsjZ1J16skDrZTaX8Ffxl3WyroydL4mXdm9BDynrM150p8ht1859eMCc7XgnH1iqxKWVRc1fo1WTHeyoo3Sh-Tk5R2jDFVyDfkWGyE4rWWK_L7ati7MIKLYcY5-w6pTxToHNH6kL2jeQuZRuwWh4l-xbQMfbj3NvpALbiM0cMZ9ZOLCKkQDh0MNG1DzJXbgp9oDznvKTjfpTMKU3cYMGVf-akfYBwhh7gvCXT0Dt-Sox6GhO-e3lPy89vlj4vr6vb71c3F-W3lalHnSlvdg26B69Y2LQPWCbex0CkuQSsrAbATNWiOzcZtsLct6oaxpuYae2i5PCVfHnPnxY7YOZxyhMHM0Y8Q9yaAN___TH5r7sK9qVUrG8FKwKengBh-LZiyGX1yOAwwYViS4ZqXxZTSTUE_vkB3YYlTOa9QokiRUuhCsUeqqEgpYv-8DGfmwbY52DYH2-bBdmn58O8Rzw1_9co_xXyqLg</recordid><startdate>20151001</startdate><enddate>20151001</enddate><creator>Sawin, Emily A</creator><creator>De Wolfe, Travis J</creator><creator>Aktas, Busra</creator><creator>Stroup, Bridget M</creator><creator>Murali, Sangita G</creator><creator>Steele, James L</creator><creator>Ney, Denise M</creator><general>American Physiological Society</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151001</creationdate><title>Glycomacropeptide is a prebiotic that reduces Desulfovibrio bacteria, increases cecal short-chain fatty acids, and is anti-inflammatory in mice</title><author>Sawin, Emily A ; De Wolfe, Travis J ; Aktas, Busra ; Stroup, Bridget M ; Murali, Sangita G ; Steele, James L ; Ney, Denise M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-7b7fa79a179b890a0d2c6bad513a75b3aaed24a71e86c6efb9e78008417efa913</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Caseins - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Cecum - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytokines - blood</topic><topic>Desulfovibrio - drug effects</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Volatile - metabolism</topic><topic>Feces - microbiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Flow Cytometry</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects</topic><topic>Glycosylation</topic><topic>Inflammatory bowel disease</topic><topic>Interferon</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred C57BL</topic><topic>Microbiome and Host Interactions</topic><topic>Peptide Fragments - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Peptides</topic><topic>Phenylketonurias - drug therapy</topic><topic>Phenylketonurias - metabolism</topic><topic>Prebiotics</topic><topic>Prebiotics - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>T cell receptors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sawin, Emily A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Wolfe, Travis J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aktas, Busra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stroup, Bridget M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murali, Sangita G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steele, James L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ney, Denise M</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sawin, Emily A</au><au>De Wolfe, Travis J</au><au>Aktas, Busra</au><au>Stroup, Bridget M</au><au>Murali, Sangita G</au><au>Steele, James L</au><au>Ney, Denise M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Glycomacropeptide is a prebiotic that reduces Desulfovibrio bacteria, increases cecal short-chain fatty acids, and is anti-inflammatory in mice</atitle><jtitle>American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol</addtitle><date>2015-10-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>309</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>G590</spage><epage>G601</epage><pages>G590-G601</pages><issn>0193-1857</issn><eissn>1522-1547</eissn><coden>APGPDF</coden><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><abstract>Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid (AA) glycophosphopeptide with application to the nutritional management of phenylketonuria (PKU), obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GMP is a putative prebiotic based on extensive glycosylation with sialic acid, galactose, and galactosamine. Our objective was to determine the prebiotic properties of GMP by characterizing cecal and fecal microbiota populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and immune responses. Weanling PKU (Pah(enu2)) and wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice were fed isoenergetic AA, GMP, or casein diets for 8 wk. The cecal content and feces were collected for microbial DNA extraction to perform 16S microbiota analysis by Ion Torrent PGM sequencing. SCFA were determined by gas chromatography, plasma cytokines via a Bio-Plex Pro assay, and splenocyte T cell populations by flow cytometry. Changes in cecal and fecal microbiota are primarily diet dependent. The GMP diet resulted in a reduction from 30-35 to 7% in Proteobacteria, genera Desulfovibrio, in both WT and PKU mice with genotype-dependent changes in Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. Cecal concentrations of the SCFA acetate, propionate, and butyrate were increased with GMP. The percentage of stimulated spleen cells producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly reduced in mice fed GMP compared with casein. In summary, plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 were reduced in mice fed GMP. GMP is a prebiotic based on reduction in Desulfovibrio, increased SCFA, and lower indexes of inflammation compared with casein and AA diets in mice. Functional foods made with GMP may be beneficial in the management of PKU, obesity, and IBD.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Physiological Society</pub><pmid>26251473</pmid><doi>10.1152/ajpgi.00211.2015</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2015-10, Vol.309 (7), p.G590-G601 |
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| source | American Physiological Society Free |
| subjects | Animals Caseins - administration & dosage Cecum - metabolism Cytokines - blood Desulfovibrio - drug effects Fatty Acids, Volatile - metabolism Feces - microbiology Female Flow Cytometry Gastrointestinal Microbiome - drug effects Glycosylation Inflammatory bowel disease Interferon Male Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Microbiome and Host Interactions Peptide Fragments - administration & dosage Peptides Phenylketonurias - drug therapy Phenylketonurias - metabolism Prebiotics Prebiotics - administration & dosage Rodents T cell receptors |
| title | Glycomacropeptide is a prebiotic that reduces Desulfovibrio bacteria, increases cecal short-chain fatty acids, and is anti-inflammatory in mice |
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