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Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health
Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and...
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Published in: | Gut microbes 2021-01, Vol.13 (1), p.1-18 |
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description | Gut microbiome composition depends heavily upon diet and has strong ties to human health. Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. Sialic acid consumption (in monosaccharide form, or as part of human milk oligosaccharides or certain animal-based foods) drives the growth of organisms with sialic acid metabolism capabilities. Minor chemical modifications of Neu5Ac, the most common form of sialic acid, can alter these effects. All aspects of carbohydrate composition are therefore relevant to consider when designing dietary therapeutic strategies to alter the gut microbiome. |
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Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. 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Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. 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All aspects of carbohydrate composition are therefore relevant to consider when designing dietary therapeutic strategies to alter the gut microbiome.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bacteria - classification</subject><subject>Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacteria - metabolism</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>diet</subject><subject>Dietary Carbohydrates - metabolism</subject><subject>Dietary Fiber - metabolism</subject><subject>fiber</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology</subject><subject>glycans</subject><subject>gut microbiome</subject><subject>human milk oligosaccharides</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Monosaccharides - metabolism</subject><subject>mucin-linked O-glycans</subject><subject>Mucins - metabolism</subject><subject>neu5gc</subject><subject>Polysaccharides - metabolism</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>sialic acids</subject><subject>Sialic Acids - metabolism</subject><issn>1949-0976</issn><issn>1949-0984</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>0YH</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9ks9vFCEUxydGY5vaP0FDPHlwKwzDLw9Gs1HbpIkXPZM3DOzQMEMFps2e_cdlu9uNvcgF8vi-z-M9vk3zmuALgiX-QFSnsBL8osVtDUmuGG6fNae7-Aor2T0_ngU_ac5zvsF1dZ3AnL5sTijlhFXZafNnDamP43ZIUGxGm2ShIJgHlCcI4T1yKU5o8LZA2iLne5tQiSh7CN4gMH7IH9FlvEebsDUwZ-RnFxY7G4vKaNFmKWjyJsXex8k-cME5awoalwlmNFoIZXzVvHAQsj0_7GfNr29ff64vV9c_vl-tv1yvDOOkrIa2H7ChilNBlKCCdVgMPQeMBZHUWAbESkoFuK5j2LWCtcSRnoiOMQbc0rPmas8dItzo2-Sn2pSO4PVDIKaNhlS8CVZj13d9ywXrCeuEkZJQCkqSFgaKqcSV9WnPul36yQ7GziVBeAJ9ejP7UW_inRZSKc5kBbzdA2IuXmfjizWjifNcp6OJ4JyTXZV3hyop_l5sLnry2dgQYLZxybrtVNuq6gFapWwvrdPOOVl3fAvBemca_WgavTONPpim5r35t5Fj1qNFquDzXlC_NqYJ7mMKgy6wDTG5BLPxWdP_1_gLy0jQbw</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Coker, Joanna K</creator><creator>Moyne, Oriane</creator><creator>Rodionov, Dmitry A.</creator><creator>Zengler, Karsten</creator><general>Taylor & Francis</general><general>Informa UK Limited</general><general>Taylor & Francis Group</general><scope>0YH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-6316</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8062-3296</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0475-6177</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000173066316</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000204756177</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000280623296</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210101</creationdate><title>Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health</title><author>Coker, Joanna K ; Moyne, Oriane ; Rodionov, Dmitry A. ; Zengler, Karsten</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c561t-d2bd0c39637197375407db6a007183ce5a1e8337af4450f27521f1b174555a6e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bacteria - classification</topic><topic>Bacteria - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Bacteria - metabolism</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>diet</topic><topic>Dietary Carbohydrates - metabolism</topic><topic>Dietary Fiber - metabolism</topic><topic>fiber</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology</topic><topic>glycans</topic><topic>gut microbiome</topic><topic>human milk oligosaccharides</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Monosaccharides - metabolism</topic><topic>mucin-linked O-glycans</topic><topic>Mucins - metabolism</topic><topic>neu5gc</topic><topic>Polysaccharides - metabolism</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>sialic acids</topic><topic>Sialic Acids - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Coker, Joanna K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moyne, Oriane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodionov, Dmitry A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zengler, Karsten</creatorcontrib><collection>Taylor & Francis Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJÂ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Gut microbes</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Coker, Joanna K</au><au>Moyne, Oriane</au><au>Rodionov, Dmitry A.</au><au>Zengler, Karsten</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health</atitle><jtitle>Gut microbes</jtitle><addtitle>Gut Microbes</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>18</epage><pages>1-18</pages><issn>1949-0976</issn><eissn>1949-0984</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-3</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><notes>ObjectType-Review-2</notes><notes>SC0019388; 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Dietary carbohydrates shape the gut microbiome by providing a potent nutrient source for particular microbes. This review explores how dietary carbohydrates in general, including individual monosaccharides and complex polysaccharides, influence the gut microbiome with subsequent effects on host health and disease. In particular, the effects of sialic acids, a prominent and influential class of monosaccharides, are discussed. Complex plant carbohydrates, such as dietary fiber, generally promote microbial production of compounds beneficial to the host while preventing degradation of host carbohydrates from colonic mucus. In contrast, simple and easily digestible sugars such as glucose are often associated with adverse effects on health and the microbiome. The monosaccharide class of sialic acids exerts a powerful but nuanced effect on gut microbiota. 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subjects | Animals Bacteria - classification Bacteria - isolation & purification Bacteria - metabolism Carbohydrates diet Dietary Carbohydrates - metabolism Dietary Fiber - metabolism fiber Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology glycans gut microbiome human milk oligosaccharides Humans Monosaccharides - metabolism mucin-linked O-glycans Mucins - metabolism neu5gc Polysaccharides - metabolism Review sialic acids Sialic Acids - metabolism |
title | Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health |
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