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Waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults
. Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined i...
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| Published in: | Journal of internal medicine 2003-12, Vol.254 (6), p.555-563 |
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| container_title | Journal of internal medicine |
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| creator | Dalton, M. Cameron, A. J. Zimmet, P. Z. Shaw, J. E. Jolley, D. Dunstan, D. W. Welborn, T. A. |
| description | .
Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined in 2000 in a cross‐sectional survey.
Main outcome measures. The examination included a fasting blood sample, standard 2‐h 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure measurements and questionnaires to assess treatment for dyslipidaemia and hypertension. BMI, waist circumference and WHR were measured to assess overweight and obesity.
Results. The prevalence of obesity amongst Australian adults defined by BMI, waist circumference and WHR was 20.8, 30.5 and 15.8% respectively. The unadjusted odds ratio for the fourth vs. first quartile of each obesity measurement showed that WHR had the strongest relationship with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia (women only) and hypertension. Following adjustment for age, however, there was little difference between the three measures of obesity, with the possible exceptions of hypertension in women, where BMI had a stronger association, and dyslipidaemia in women and type 2 diabetes in men, where WHR was marginally superior.
Conclusions. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured by both prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whilst WHR had the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors before adjustment for age, the three obesity measures performed similarly after adjustment for age. Given the difficulty of using age‐adjusted associations in the clinical setting, these results suggest that given appropriate cut‐off points, WHR is the most useful measure of obesity to use to identify individuals with CVD risk factors. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x |
| format | article |
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Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined in 2000 in a cross‐sectional survey.
Main outcome measures. The examination included a fasting blood sample, standard 2‐h 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure measurements and questionnaires to assess treatment for dyslipidaemia and hypertension. BMI, waist circumference and WHR were measured to assess overweight and obesity.
Results. The prevalence of obesity amongst Australian adults defined by BMI, waist circumference and WHR was 20.8, 30.5 and 15.8% respectively. The unadjusted odds ratio for the fourth vs. first quartile of each obesity measurement showed that WHR had the strongest relationship with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia (women only) and hypertension. Following adjustment for age, however, there was little difference between the three measures of obesity, with the possible exceptions of hypertension in women, where BMI had a stronger association, and dyslipidaemia in women and type 2 diabetes in men, where WHR was marginally superior.
Conclusions. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured by both prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whilst WHR had the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors before adjustment for age, the three obesity measures performed similarly after adjustment for age. Given the difficulty of using age‐adjusted associations in the clinical setting, these results suggest that given appropriate cut‐off points, WHR is the most useful measure of obesity to use to identify individuals with CVD risk factors.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0954-6820</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2796</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 14641796</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Anthropometry - methods ; Australia - epidemiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Constitution ; Body Mass Index ; body size ; Cardiology. Vascular system ; Cardiopathies: etiologic forms (general aspects and miscellaneous) ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Heart ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias - etiology ; Hypertension - etiology ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; obesity ; Obesity - complications ; Obesity - diagnosis ; Obesity - epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; waist circumference ; waist–hip ratio</subject><ispartof>Journal of internal medicine, 2003-12, Vol.254 (6), p.555-563</ispartof><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. Dec 2003</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4739-bb95590d186ac4e91b64ca9788eb9854c0e142a43d5ae91c1402fb372e8c1a123</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4739-bb95590d186ac4e91b64ca9788eb9854c0e142a43d5ae91c1402fb372e8c1a123</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2003.01229.x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2003.01229.x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958,50923,51032</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15336689$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641796$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dalton, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cameron, A. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmet, P. Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, J. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jolley, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunstan, D. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Welborn, T. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>AusDiab Steering Committee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>On behalf of the AusDiab steering committee</creatorcontrib><title>Waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults</title><title>Journal of internal medicine</title><addtitle>J Intern Med</addtitle><description>.
Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined in 2000 in a cross‐sectional survey.
Main outcome measures. The examination included a fasting blood sample, standard 2‐h 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure measurements and questionnaires to assess treatment for dyslipidaemia and hypertension. BMI, waist circumference and WHR were measured to assess overweight and obesity.
Results. The prevalence of obesity amongst Australian adults defined by BMI, waist circumference and WHR was 20.8, 30.5 and 15.8% respectively. The unadjusted odds ratio for the fourth vs. first quartile of each obesity measurement showed that WHR had the strongest relationship with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia (women only) and hypertension. Following adjustment for age, however, there was little difference between the three measures of obesity, with the possible exceptions of hypertension in women, where BMI had a stronger association, and dyslipidaemia in women and type 2 diabetes in men, where WHR was marginally superior.
Conclusions. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured by both prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whilst WHR had the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors before adjustment for age, the three obesity measures performed similarly after adjustment for age. Given the difficulty of using age‐adjusted associations in the clinical setting, these results suggest that given appropriate cut‐off points, WHR is the most useful measure of obesity to use to identify individuals with CVD risk factors.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Anthropometry - methods</subject><subject>Australia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Constitution</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>body size</subject><subject>Cardiology. Vascular system</subject><subject>Cardiopathies: etiologic forms (general aspects and miscellaneous)</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health Surveys</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperlipidemias - etiology</subject><subject>Hypertension - etiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>obesity</subject><subject>Obesity - complications</subject><subject>Obesity - diagnosis</subject><subject>Obesity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>waist circumference</subject><subject>waist–hip ratio</subject><issn>0954-6820</issn><issn>1365-2796</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkU2O1DAQhS0EYpqBKyALCVYk2LHj2Buk0YifQYNmA2JpVZyK2k1-Gjuhu3ecgA035CQ40y1GYoU3ZVV976lUjxDKWc7Te7XJuVBlVlRG5QVjIme8KEy-v0dWfwf3yYqZUmZKF-yMPIpxwxgXTLGH5IxLJXliVuTnF_Bxos4HN_ctBhwcvqS7pfn7x6-139IAkx8pDA2tx-ZAe4iR-qHB_W1vWqMP1I0hYLeAA935aU0dhMaP3yG6uYNAGx8RItLg41fagpvGsJjQizlOAToPA4Vm7qb4mDxooYv45FTPyee3bz5dvs-ub95dXV5cZ05WwmR1bcrSsIZrBU6i4bWSDkylNdZGl9Ix5LIAKZoS0tRxyYq2FlWB2nHghTgnL46-2zB-mzFOtvfRYdfBgOMcbZXkVSllAp_9A27GOQxpN8uNTqcXWiVIHyEXxhgDtnYbfA_hYDmzS2B2Y5dc7JKLXQKzt4HZfZI-PfnPdY_NnfCUUAKen4B0TOjaAIPz8Y4rhVBKm8S9PnI73-HhvxewH26uPi5f8QffBrRb</recordid><startdate>200312</startdate><enddate>200312</enddate><creator>Dalton, M.</creator><creator>Cameron, A. J.</creator><creator>Zimmet, P. Z.</creator><creator>Shaw, J. E.</creator><creator>Jolley, D.</creator><creator>Dunstan, D. W.</creator><creator>Welborn, T. A.</creator><general>Blackwell Science Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Science</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200312</creationdate><title>Waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults</title><author>Dalton, M. ; Cameron, A. J. ; Zimmet, P. Z. ; Shaw, J. E. ; Jolley, D. ; Dunstan, D. W. ; Welborn, T. A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4739-bb95590d186ac4e91b64ca9788eb9854c0e142a43d5ae91c1402fb372e8c1a123</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Anthropometry - methods</topic><topic>Australia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Constitution</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>body size</topic><topic>Cardiology. Vascular system</topic><topic>Cardiopathies: etiologic forms (general aspects and miscellaneous)</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health Surveys</topic><topic>Heart</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperlipidemias - etiology</topic><topic>Hypertension - etiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>obesity</topic><topic>Obesity - complications</topic><topic>Obesity - diagnosis</topic><topic>Obesity - epidemiology</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>waist circumference</topic><topic>waist–hip ratio</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dalton, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cameron, A. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zimmet, P. Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, J. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jolley, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunstan, D. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Welborn, T. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>AusDiab Steering Committee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>On behalf of the AusDiab steering committee</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of internal medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dalton, M.</au><au>Cameron, A. J.</au><au>Zimmet, P. Z.</au><au>Shaw, J. E.</au><au>Jolley, D.</au><au>Dunstan, D. W.</au><au>Welborn, T. A.</au><aucorp>AusDiab Steering Committee</aucorp><aucorp>On behalf of the AusDiab steering committee</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults</atitle><jtitle>Journal of internal medicine</jtitle><addtitle>J Intern Med</addtitle><date>2003-12</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>254</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>555</spage><epage>563</epage><pages>555-563</pages><issn>0954-6820</issn><eissn>1365-2796</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><abstract>.
Objectives. To compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity and assess the respective associations with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
Design and setting. A national sample of 11 247 Australians aged ≥25 years was examined in 2000 in a cross‐sectional survey.
Main outcome measures. The examination included a fasting blood sample, standard 2‐h 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure measurements and questionnaires to assess treatment for dyslipidaemia and hypertension. BMI, waist circumference and WHR were measured to assess overweight and obesity.
Results. The prevalence of obesity amongst Australian adults defined by BMI, waist circumference and WHR was 20.8, 30.5 and 15.8% respectively. The unadjusted odds ratio for the fourth vs. first quartile of each obesity measurement showed that WHR had the strongest relationship with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia (women only) and hypertension. Following adjustment for age, however, there was little difference between the three measures of obesity, with the possible exceptions of hypertension in women, where BMI had a stronger association, and dyslipidaemia in women and type 2 diabetes in men, where WHR was marginally superior.
Conclusions. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured by both prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whilst WHR had the strongest correlations with CVD risk factors before adjustment for age, the three obesity measures performed similarly after adjustment for age. Given the difficulty of using age‐adjusted associations in the clinical setting, these results suggest that given appropriate cut‐off points, WHR is the most useful measure of obesity to use to identify individuals with CVD risk factors.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Science Ltd</pub><pmid>14641796</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Aged Anthropometry - methods Australia - epidemiology Biological and medical sciences Body Constitution Body Mass Index body size Cardiology. Vascular system Cardiopathies: etiologic forms (general aspects and miscellaneous) Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cross-Sectional Studies Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology Female Health Surveys Heart Humans Hyperlipidemias - etiology Hypertension - etiology Male Medical sciences Middle Aged obesity Obesity - complications Obesity - diagnosis Obesity - epidemiology Odds Ratio Prevalence Risk Factors waist circumference waist–hip ratio |
| title | Waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults |
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