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Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis
The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is frequently used to assess interpretation biases (IBs). However, neither the range of its applications nor the quality of the empirical evidence it provides has been systematically examined. This systematic review investigates the types of samples and disorders i...
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| Published in: | Clinical psychology review 2022-04, Vol.93, p.102133, Article 102133 |
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| creator | Würtz, Felix Zahler, Lisa Blackwell, Simon E. Margraf, Jürgen Bagheri, Mahdi Woud, Marcella L. |
| description | The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is frequently used to assess interpretation biases (IBs). However, neither the range of its applications nor the quality of the empirical evidence it provides has been systematically examined. This systematic review investigates the types of samples and disorders in which the SST has been applied and evaluates its psychometric properties via a meta-analysis. The databases PubMed and EBSCOhost (including PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE) were examined (last search: September 2021) and 93 studies from 91 manuscripts were included. Results showed that the SST has been applied predominantly in unselected samples or those with elevated levels of subsyndromal symptoms, with about a third of the studies employing the SST in a clinical population. While the SST was initially developed to assess depression-related IBs, it has now been extended to other disorders, in particular anxiety disorders. Results of the meta-analyses indicated good convergent validity and reliability across disorders, albeit in the context of substantial heterogeneity. Findings concerning divergent validity were mixed with high correlations across disorders between the SST and trait anxiety in particular, questioning its specificity. Future research should consider developing standardized SST versions and investigating its relationships with other measures of IB.
•The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is a popular measure of interpretation biases.•The SST has been applied in analogue and clinical samples across various disorders.•Meta-analytical results indicate good convergent validity and reliability.•Findings on divergent validity are mixed, especially in the context of comorbidity.•Heterogenous findings suggest the need for standardization of the SST. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102133 |
| format | article |
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•The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is a popular measure of interpretation biases.•The SST has been applied in analogue and clinical samples across various disorders.•Meta-analytical results indicate good convergent validity and reliability.•Findings on divergent validity are mixed, especially in the context of comorbidity.•Heterogenous findings suggest the need for standardization of the SST.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0272-7358</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1873-7811</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-7811</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102133</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35219928</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Interpretation bias ; Multilevel meta-analysis ; Reliability ; Scrambled sentences task ; Validity</subject><ispartof>Clinical psychology review, 2022-04, Vol.93, p.102133, Article 102133</ispartof><rights>2022 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c516t-61ecb81a81e3f157025a73a0a1781a86b9f8d9c217faa3c4fd54ccb38e0ba5b43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c516t-61ecb81a81e3f157025a73a0a1781a86b9f8d9c217faa3c4fd54ccb38e0ba5b43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35219928$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Würtz, Felix</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahler, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blackwell, Simon E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Margraf, Jürgen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bagheri, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woud, Marcella L.</creatorcontrib><title>Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis</title><title>Clinical psychology review</title><addtitle>Clin Psychol Rev</addtitle><description>The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is frequently used to assess interpretation biases (IBs). However, neither the range of its applications nor the quality of the empirical evidence it provides has been systematically examined. This systematic review investigates the types of samples and disorders in which the SST has been applied and evaluates its psychometric properties via a meta-analysis. The databases PubMed and EBSCOhost (including PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE) were examined (last search: September 2021) and 93 studies from 91 manuscripts were included. Results showed that the SST has been applied predominantly in unselected samples or those with elevated levels of subsyndromal symptoms, with about a third of the studies employing the SST in a clinical population. While the SST was initially developed to assess depression-related IBs, it has now been extended to other disorders, in particular anxiety disorders. Results of the meta-analyses indicated good convergent validity and reliability across disorders, albeit in the context of substantial heterogeneity. Findings concerning divergent validity were mixed with high correlations across disorders between the SST and trait anxiety in particular, questioning its specificity. Future research should consider developing standardized SST versions and investigating its relationships with other measures of IB.
•The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is a popular measure of interpretation biases.•The SST has been applied in analogue and clinical samples across various disorders.•Meta-analytical results indicate good convergent validity and reliability.•Findings on divergent validity are mixed, especially in the context of comorbidity.•Heterogenous findings suggest the need for standardization of the SST.</description><subject>Interpretation bias</subject><subject>Multilevel meta-analysis</subject><subject>Reliability</subject><subject>Scrambled sentences task</subject><subject>Validity</subject><issn>0272-7358</issn><issn>1873-7811</issn><issn>1873-7811</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kU1vFDEMhiMEokvhB3BBOXKZJU7ma-GAqooCUiUOLefIk_GwWeaLOFM0P6P_uFlt6ZGTZfvxK_l9hXgLagsKyg-HrZvDViutU6_BmGdiA3VlsqoGeC42Slc6q0xRn4lXzAelFNQ5vBRnptCw2-l6I-5vXMCh6amVzRLlHfa-_Sxv9yT5acE0RhodsYzIvyWyRDkQ8hJITp30aRvmQBGjn0bZeOSE-lHOvLr9NGPcT_30a_0oLySvHGlIoJOB7jz9lTi2SSxihiP2K3t-LV502DO9eazn4ufVl9vLb9n1j6_fLy-uM1dAGbMSyDU1YA1kOigqpQusDCqE6jgtm11XtzunoeoQjcu7tsida0xNqsGiyc25eH_SncP0ZyGOdvDsqO9xpGlhq0uTF7rUpUoonFAXJuZAnZ2DHzCsFpQ9JmEPNiVhj0nYUxLp5t2j_NIM1D5d_LM-AZ9OAKUnkxXBsvNHm1sfyEXbTv4_8g-P-Zwb</recordid><startdate>20220401</startdate><enddate>20220401</enddate><creator>Würtz, Felix</creator><creator>Zahler, Lisa</creator><creator>Blackwell, Simon E.</creator><creator>Margraf, Jürgen</creator><creator>Bagheri, Mahdi</creator><creator>Woud, Marcella L.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220401</creationdate><title>Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis</title><author>Würtz, Felix ; Zahler, Lisa ; Blackwell, Simon E. ; Margraf, Jürgen ; Bagheri, Mahdi ; Woud, Marcella L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c516t-61ecb81a81e3f157025a73a0a1781a86b9f8d9c217faa3c4fd54ccb38e0ba5b43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Interpretation bias</topic><topic>Multilevel meta-analysis</topic><topic>Reliability</topic><topic>Scrambled sentences task</topic><topic>Validity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Würtz, Felix</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahler, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blackwell, Simon E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Margraf, Jürgen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bagheri, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woud, Marcella L.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical psychology review</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Würtz, Felix</au><au>Zahler, Lisa</au><au>Blackwell, Simon E.</au><au>Margraf, Jürgen</au><au>Bagheri, Mahdi</au><au>Woud, Marcella L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis</atitle><jtitle>Clinical psychology review</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Psychol Rev</addtitle><date>2022-04-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>93</volume><spage>102133</spage><pages>102133-</pages><artnum>102133</artnum><issn>0272-7358</issn><issn>1873-7811</issn><eissn>1873-7811</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><notes>ObjectType-Undefined-3</notes><abstract>The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is frequently used to assess interpretation biases (IBs). However, neither the range of its applications nor the quality of the empirical evidence it provides has been systematically examined. This systematic review investigates the types of samples and disorders in which the SST has been applied and evaluates its psychometric properties via a meta-analysis. The databases PubMed and EBSCOhost (including PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, MEDLINE) were examined (last search: September 2021) and 93 studies from 91 manuscripts were included. Results showed that the SST has been applied predominantly in unselected samples or those with elevated levels of subsyndromal symptoms, with about a third of the studies employing the SST in a clinical population. While the SST was initially developed to assess depression-related IBs, it has now been extended to other disorders, in particular anxiety disorders. Results of the meta-analyses indicated good convergent validity and reliability across disorders, albeit in the context of substantial heterogeneity. Findings concerning divergent validity were mixed with high correlations across disorders between the SST and trait anxiety in particular, questioning its specificity. Future research should consider developing standardized SST versions and investigating its relationships with other measures of IB.
•The Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) is a popular measure of interpretation biases.•The SST has been applied in analogue and clinical samples across various disorders.•Meta-analytical results indicate good convergent validity and reliability.•Findings on divergent validity are mixed, especially in the context of comorbidity.•Heterogenous findings suggest the need for standardization of the SST.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>35219928</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102133</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection 2022-2024 |
| subjects | Interpretation bias Multilevel meta-analysis Reliability Scrambled sentences task Validity |
| title | Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
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