Seasonal variation of ionic species in fine particles at Qingdao, China

Totally nine measurement campaigns for ambient particles and SO 2 have been conducted during the period of 1997–2000 in Qingdao in order to understand the characteristics of the particulate matter in coastal areas of China. The mass fractions of PM 2.5, PM 2.5−10 and PM >10 in TSP are 49%, 25% an...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Atmospheric environment (1994) 2002-12, Vol.36 (38), p.5853-5859
Main Authors: Hu, Min, He, Ling-Yan, Zhang, Yuan-Hang, Wang, Min, Pyo Kim, Yong, Moon, K.C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Exact sciences and technology
Fine particles
Mass size distribution
Pollutants physicochemistry study: properties, effects, reactions, transport and distribution
Pollution
Seasonal variation
Sulfur dioxide
Water-soluble ions
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Summary:Totally nine measurement campaigns for ambient particles and SO 2 have been conducted during the period of 1997–2000 in Qingdao in order to understand the characteristics of the particulate matter in coastal areas of China. The mass fractions of PM 2.5, PM 2.5−10 and PM >10 in TSP are 49%, 25% and 26%, respectively. The size distribution of particles mass concentrations in Qingdao shows bi-modal distribution. Mass fraction percentages of water-soluble ions in PM 2.5, PM 2.5−10 and PM >10 decreased from 62% to 35% and 21%. In fine particles, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, secondary formed compounds, are major components, totally accounting for 50% of PM 2.5 mass concentration. The ratios of sulfate, chloride, ammonium and potassium in PM 2.5 for heating versus non-heating periods are 1.34, 1.80, 1.56 and 1.44, respectively. The ratio of nitrate is 3.02 and this high ratio could be caused by reduced volatilization at lower temperature. Sulfate concentrations are higher than nitrate in PM 2.5. The chemical forms of sulfate and nitrate are probably (NH 4) 2SO 4 and NH 4NO 3 and chloride depletion was observed. Backward trajectory analysis reflected possible influence of air pollutant transport to Qingdao local aerosol pollution.
ISSN:1352-2310
1873-2844
DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00581-2