Moldable elastomeric polyester-carbon nanotube scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering

[Display omitted] Polymer biomaterials are used to construct scaffolds in tissue engineering applications to assist in mechanical support, organization, and maturation of tissues. Given the flexibility, electrical conductance, and contractility of native cardiac tissues, it is desirable that polymer...

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Published in:	Acta biomaterialia 2017-04, Vol.52, p.81-91
Main Authors:	Ahadian, Samad, Davenport Huyer, Locke, Estili, Mehdi, Yee, Bess, Smith, Nathaniel, Xu, Zhensong, Sun, Yu, Radisic, Milica
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Animals Biocompatible Materials - chemical synthesis Biomaterials Biomedical materials Carbon Carbon nanotubes Cardiac tissue engineering Cells, Cultured Conductance Construction engineering Construction materials Crosslinking Dimethyl ether Elastic Modulus Elasticity Elastomer Elastomers Elastomers - chemistry Electric Conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical resistance Electrical resistivity Equipment Design Equipment Failure Analysis Ethylene glycol Excitation Heart Heart diseases Integrity Materials Testing Maturation Maturity Molds Muscle contraction Musculoskeletal system Myocytes, Cardiac - cytology Myocytes, Cardiac - physiology Nanotechnology Nanotubes Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure Polyesters Polyesters - chemistry Polyethylene glycol Polymers Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Scaffold Skeletal muscle Stress, Mechanical Surgical implants Swelling Tensile Strength Tissue engineering Tissue Engineering - instrumentation Tissue Engineering - methods Tissue Scaffolds Ultraviolet radiation
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Summary:	[Display omitted] Polymer biomaterials are used to construct scaffolds in tissue engineering applications to assist in mechanical support, organization, and maturation of tissues. Given the flexibility, electrical conductance, and contractility of native cardiac tissues, it is desirable that polymeric scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration exhibit elasticity and high electrical conductivity. Herein, we developed a facile approach to introduce carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylate) (124 polymer), and developed an elastomeric scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering that provides electrical conductivity and structural integrity to 124 polymer. 124 polymer-CNT materials were developed by first dispersing CNTs in poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether porogen and mixing with 124 prepolymer for molding into shapes and crosslinking under ultraviolet light. 124 polymers with 0.5% and 0.1% CNT content (wt) exhibited improved conductivity against pristine 124 polymer. With increasing the CNT content, surface moduli of hybrid polymers were increased, while their bulk moduli were decreased. Furthermore, increased swelling of hybrid 124 polymer-CNT materials was observed, suggesting their improved structural support in an aqueous environment. Finally, functional characterization of engineered cardiac tissues using the 124 polymer-CNT scaffolds demonstrated improved excitation threshold in materials with 0.5% CNT content (3.6±0.8V/cm) compared to materials with 0% (5.1±0.8V/cm) and 0.1% (5.0±0.7V/cm), suggesting greater tissue maturity. 124 polymer-CNT materials build on the advantages of 124 polymer elastomer to give a versatile biomaterial for cardiac tissue engineering applications. Achieving a high elasticity and a high conductivity in a single cardiac tissue engineering material remains a challenge. We report the use of CNTs in making electrically conductive and mechanically strong polymeric scaffolds in cardiac tissue regeneration. CNTs were incorporated in elastomeric polymers in a facile and reproducible approach. Polymer-CNT materials were able to construct complicated scaffold structures by injecting the prepolymer into a mold and crosslinking the prepolymer under ultraviolet light. CNTs enhanced electrical conductivity and structural support of elastomeric polymers. Hybrid polymeric scaffolds containing 0.5wt% CNTs increased the maturation of cardiac tissues fabricated on them compared to pure polymeri
ISSN:	1742-7061 1878-7568