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Density and demography of snowshoe hares in central Colorado
To improve understanding of snowshoe hare ecology in the Southern Rockies and enhance the ability of agency personnel to manage subalpine landscapes for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the region, we estimated snowshoe hare density, survival, and recruitment in west-c...
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| Published in: | The Journal of wildlife management 2014-05, Vol.78 (4), p.580-594 |
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| description | To improve understanding of snowshoe hare ecology in the Southern Rockies and enhance the ability of agency personnel to manage subalpine landscapes for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the region, we estimated snowshoe hare density, survival, and recruitment in west-central Colorado, USA from July 2006-March 2009. We sampled 3 types of forest stands that purportedly provide good habitat for hares: 1) mature Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)—subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 2) early seral, even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and 3) mid-seral, even-aged lodgepole pine that had been pre-commercially thinned. In all forest types and all seasons, snowshoe hare densities were < 1.0 hares/ha. During summer, hare densities [±SE] were highest in early serai lodgepole pine (0.20 [0.01] to 0.66 [0.07] hares/ha), lowest in mid-seral lodgepole pine (0.01 [0.04] to 0.03 [0.03] hares/ha), and intermediate in mature spruce-fir (0.01 [0.002] to 0.26 [0.08] hares/ha). During winter, densities were more similar among the 3 stand types. Annual survival of hares was highest in mature spruce-fir (0.14 [0.05] to 0.20 [0.07]) and similar between the 2 lodgepole stand types (0.10 [0.03] to 0.16 [0.06]). Stand attributes indicative of dense cover were positively correlated with density estimates and explained relatively more spatial process variance in hare densities than other attributes. These same attributes were not positively correlated with hare survival. Both density and survival of hares in early serai lodgepole stands were positively correlated with the extent of similar stands in the surrounding landscape. Recruitment of juvenile hares occurred during all 3 summers in early serai lodgepole stands, 2 of 3 summers in mature spruce-fir stands, and in only 1 of 3 summers in midseral lodgepole. Based on estimates of density and demography specific to each forest type, we conclude that managers should maintain mature spruce-fir and early serai lodgepole stand types rather than thinned, midseral lodgepole stands to benefit snowshoe hares (and by association lynx) in central Colorado. Given the more persistent nature of spruce-fir compared to early serai lodgepole, and the fact that such stands cover considerably more area, mature spruce-fir may be the most valuable forest type for snowshoe hares in the region. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jwmg.695 |
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We sampled 3 types of forest stands that purportedly provide good habitat for hares: 1) mature Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)—subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 2) early seral, even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and 3) mid-seral, even-aged lodgepole pine that had been pre-commercially thinned. In all forest types and all seasons, snowshoe hare densities were < 1.0 hares/ha. During summer, hare densities [±SE] were highest in early serai lodgepole pine (0.20 [0.01] to 0.66 [0.07] hares/ha), lowest in mid-seral lodgepole pine (0.01 [0.04] to 0.03 [0.03] hares/ha), and intermediate in mature spruce-fir (0.01 [0.002] to 0.26 [0.08] hares/ha). During winter, densities were more similar among the 3 stand types. Annual survival of hares was highest in mature spruce-fir (0.14 [0.05] to 0.20 [0.07]) and similar between the 2 lodgepole stand types (0.10 [0.03] to 0.16 [0.06]). Stand attributes indicative of dense cover were positively correlated with density estimates and explained relatively more spatial process variance in hare densities than other attributes. These same attributes were not positively correlated with hare survival. Both density and survival of hares in early serai lodgepole stands were positively correlated with the extent of similar stands in the surrounding landscape. Recruitment of juvenile hares occurred during all 3 summers in early serai lodgepole stands, 2 of 3 summers in mature spruce-fir stands, and in only 1 of 3 summers in midseral lodgepole. Based on estimates of density and demography specific to each forest type, we conclude that managers should maintain mature spruce-fir and early serai lodgepole stand types rather than thinned, midseral lodgepole stands to benefit snowshoe hares (and by association lynx) in central Colorado. Given the more persistent nature of spruce-fir compared to early serai lodgepole, and the fact that such stands cover considerably more area, mature spruce-fir may be the most valuable forest type for snowshoe hares in the region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-541X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1937-2817</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.695</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JWMAA9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bethesda, MD: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Abies lasiocarpa ; Animal and plant ecology ; Animal populations ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Applied ecology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Colorado ; Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife ; Demecology ; Demography ; density ; Density estimation ; Forest habitats ; forest management ; Forest stands ; Forestry ; Forests ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; General forest ecology ; Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology ; Hares ; Lepus americanus ; Lynx ; Lynx lynx ; Mammalia ; Picea ; Pinus contorta ; Population Ecology ; Rabbits ; recruitment ; snowshoe hare ; Summer ; survival ; telemetry ; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution ; Wildlife conservation ; Wildlife ecology ; Wildlife management ; Winter</subject><ispartof>The Journal of wildlife management, 2014-05, Vol.78 (4), p.580-594</ispartof><rights>Copyright© 2014 The Wildlife Society</rights><rights>The Wildlife Society, 2014</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4165-984edfab9fd6dd9fbf30f07919aeb71dfcc706ce4144a248d4ecd438fdbe706c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4165-984edfab9fd6dd9fbf30f07919aeb71dfcc706ce4144a248d4ecd438fdbe706c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjwmg.695$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjwmg.695$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958,50923,51032,58593,58826</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28495238$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ivan, Jacob S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>White, Gary C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shenk, Tanya M.</creatorcontrib><title>Density and demography of snowshoe hares in central Colorado</title><title>The Journal of wildlife management</title><addtitle>Jour. Wild. Mgmt</addtitle><description>To improve understanding of snowshoe hare ecology in the Southern Rockies and enhance the ability of agency personnel to manage subalpine landscapes for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the region, we estimated snowshoe hare density, survival, and recruitment in west-central Colorado, USA from July 2006-March 2009. We sampled 3 types of forest stands that purportedly provide good habitat for hares: 1) mature Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)—subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 2) early seral, even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and 3) mid-seral, even-aged lodgepole pine that had been pre-commercially thinned. In all forest types and all seasons, snowshoe hare densities were < 1.0 hares/ha. During summer, hare densities [±SE] were highest in early serai lodgepole pine (0.20 [0.01] to 0.66 [0.07] hares/ha), lowest in mid-seral lodgepole pine (0.01 [0.04] to 0.03 [0.03] hares/ha), and intermediate in mature spruce-fir (0.01 [0.002] to 0.26 [0.08] hares/ha). During winter, densities were more similar among the 3 stand types. Annual survival of hares was highest in mature spruce-fir (0.14 [0.05] to 0.20 [0.07]) and similar between the 2 lodgepole stand types (0.10 [0.03] to 0.16 [0.06]). Stand attributes indicative of dense cover were positively correlated with density estimates and explained relatively more spatial process variance in hare densities than other attributes. These same attributes were not positively correlated with hare survival. Both density and survival of hares in early serai lodgepole stands were positively correlated with the extent of similar stands in the surrounding landscape. Recruitment of juvenile hares occurred during all 3 summers in early serai lodgepole stands, 2 of 3 summers in mature spruce-fir stands, and in only 1 of 3 summers in midseral lodgepole. Based on estimates of density and demography specific to each forest type, we conclude that managers should maintain mature spruce-fir and early serai lodgepole stand types rather than thinned, midseral lodgepole stands to benefit snowshoe hares (and by association lynx) in central Colorado. Given the more persistent nature of spruce-fir compared to early serai lodgepole, and the fact that such stands cover considerably more area, mature spruce-fir may be the most valuable forest type for snowshoe hares in the region.</description><subject>Abies lasiocarpa</subject><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal populations</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Colorado</subject><subject>Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife</subject><subject>Demecology</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>density</subject><subject>Density estimation</subject><subject>Forest habitats</subject><subject>forest management</subject><subject>Forest stands</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>General forest ecology</subject><subject>Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology</subject><subject>Hares</subject><subject>Lepus americanus</subject><subject>Lynx</subject><subject>Lynx lynx</subject><subject>Mammalia</subject><subject>Picea</subject><subject>Pinus contorta</subject><subject>Population Ecology</subject><subject>Rabbits</subject><subject>recruitment</subject><subject>snowshoe hare</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>survival</subject><subject>telemetry</subject><subject>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><subject>Wildlife conservation</subject><subject>Wildlife ecology</subject><subject>Wildlife management</subject><subject>Winter</subject><issn>0022-541X</issn><issn>1937-2817</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kE1rGzEURUVoIG5ayB8IDIRANpPqa2YkyCZxWqfBbqE0xDshS0_2OOORI41x_e8j42BDoKu3uIfDuxehM4KvCcb023y9mF6XsjhCPSJZlVNBqk-olyKaF5yMT9DnGOcYM0JE2UM399DGuttkurWZhYWfBr2cbTLvstj6dZx5yGY6QMzqNjPQdkE3Wd83Pmjrv6Bjp5sIX9_vKXr68f1v_yEf_h787N8Oc8NJWeRScLBOT6SzpbXSTRzDDleSSA2TilhnTIVLA5xwrikXloOxnAlnJ7AN2Cm62nmXwb-uIHZqUUcDTaNb8KuoSEE5p4wImdCLD-jcr0KbvktUalxWtKwOQhN8jAGcWoZ6ocNGEay2M6rtjCrNmNDLd6GORjcu6NbUcc9TwWVBmUhcvuPWdQOb__rU4_NosPOe7_h57HzY8zy1EESwg6-OHfzb5zq8qFSgKtTzr4H6U4zGdyNO1SN7A8f6mc8</recordid><startdate>201405</startdate><enddate>201405</enddate><creator>Ivan, Jacob S.</creator><creator>White, Gary C.</creator><creator>Shenk, Tanya M.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><general>Wildlife Society</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201405</creationdate><title>Density and demography of snowshoe hares in central Colorado</title><author>Ivan, Jacob S. ; White, Gary C. ; Shenk, Tanya M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4165-984edfab9fd6dd9fbf30f07919aeb71dfcc706ce4144a248d4ecd438fdbe706c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Abies lasiocarpa</topic><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal populations</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Colorado</topic><topic>Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife</topic><topic>Demecology</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>density</topic><topic>Density estimation</topic><topic>Forest habitats</topic><topic>forest management</topic><topic>Forest stands</topic><topic>Forestry</topic><topic>Forests</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>General forest ecology</topic><topic>Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology</topic><topic>Hares</topic><topic>Lepus americanus</topic><topic>Lynx</topic><topic>Lynx lynx</topic><topic>Mammalia</topic><topic>Picea</topic><topic>Pinus contorta</topic><topic>Population Ecology</topic><topic>Rabbits</topic><topic>recruitment</topic><topic>snowshoe hare</topic><topic>Summer</topic><topic>survival</topic><topic>telemetry</topic><topic>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</topic><topic>Wildlife conservation</topic><topic>Wildlife ecology</topic><topic>Wildlife management</topic><topic>Winter</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ivan, Jacob S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>White, Gary C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shenk, Tanya M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>The Journal of wildlife management</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ivan, Jacob S.</au><au>White, Gary C.</au><au>Shenk, Tanya M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Density and demography of snowshoe hares in central Colorado</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of wildlife management</jtitle><addtitle>Jour. Wild. Mgmt</addtitle><date>2014-05</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>78</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>580</spage><epage>594</epage><pages>580-594</pages><issn>0022-541X</issn><eissn>1937-2817</eissn><coden>JWMAA9</coden><notes>ark:/67375/WNG-R5MXBM42-J</notes><notes>istex:2B79AA280DB3A62A10E7AD226E631D9052EA78D0</notes><notes>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</notes><notes>ArticleID:JWMG695</notes><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><abstract>To improve understanding of snowshoe hare ecology in the Southern Rockies and enhance the ability of agency personnel to manage subalpine landscapes for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the region, we estimated snowshoe hare density, survival, and recruitment in west-central Colorado, USA from July 2006-March 2009. We sampled 3 types of forest stands that purportedly provide good habitat for hares: 1) mature Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)—subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 2) early seral, even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and 3) mid-seral, even-aged lodgepole pine that had been pre-commercially thinned. In all forest types and all seasons, snowshoe hare densities were < 1.0 hares/ha. During summer, hare densities [±SE] were highest in early serai lodgepole pine (0.20 [0.01] to 0.66 [0.07] hares/ha), lowest in mid-seral lodgepole pine (0.01 [0.04] to 0.03 [0.03] hares/ha), and intermediate in mature spruce-fir (0.01 [0.002] to 0.26 [0.08] hares/ha). During winter, densities were more similar among the 3 stand types. Annual survival of hares was highest in mature spruce-fir (0.14 [0.05] to 0.20 [0.07]) and similar between the 2 lodgepole stand types (0.10 [0.03] to 0.16 [0.06]). Stand attributes indicative of dense cover were positively correlated with density estimates and explained relatively more spatial process variance in hare densities than other attributes. These same attributes were not positively correlated with hare survival. Both density and survival of hares in early serai lodgepole stands were positively correlated with the extent of similar stands in the surrounding landscape. Recruitment of juvenile hares occurred during all 3 summers in early serai lodgepole stands, 2 of 3 summers in mature spruce-fir stands, and in only 1 of 3 summers in midseral lodgepole. Based on estimates of density and demography specific to each forest type, we conclude that managers should maintain mature spruce-fir and early serai lodgepole stand types rather than thinned, midseral lodgepole stands to benefit snowshoe hares (and by association lynx) in central Colorado. Given the more persistent nature of spruce-fir compared to early serai lodgepole, and the fact that such stands cover considerably more area, mature spruce-fir may be the most valuable forest type for snowshoe hares in the region.</abstract><cop>Bethesda, MD</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/jwmg.695</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | The Journal of wildlife management, 2014-05, Vol.78 (4), p.580-594 |
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| subjects | Abies lasiocarpa Animal and plant ecology Animal populations Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biological and medical sciences Colorado Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Demecology Demography density Density estimation Forest habitats forest management Forest stands Forestry Forests Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Hares Lepus americanus Lynx Lynx lynx Mammalia Picea Pinus contorta Population Ecology Rabbits recruitment snowshoe hare Summer survival telemetry Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Wildlife conservation Wildlife ecology Wildlife management Winter |
| title | Density and demography of snowshoe hares in central Colorado |
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