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Thermal Stability of Hardness and Modulus in Martensitic Ti–6Al–4V-Based Alloys: Role of V, Fe, and Ge Solute Contents
This study investigates the influence of V, Fe, and Ge additions on the evolution of the martensite phase in Ti–6Al–4V alloy, with a specific focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus. The addition of these elements affects the β transus temperature,...
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| Published in: | Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science Physical metallurgy and materials science, 2024-04, Vol.55 (4), p.1258-1270 |
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| container_end_page | 1270 |
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| container_title | Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science |
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| creator | Chaithanya Kumar, K. N. Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao Suresh, K. S. |
| description | This study investigates the influence of V, Fe, and Ge additions on the evolution of the martensite phase in Ti–6Al–4V alloy, with a specific focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus. The addition of these elements affects the
β
transus temperature, showing 25 pct decrease in the thickness of the martensite lath with an increased solute content from Ti–6Al–4V to Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge. Furthermore, the impact of alloying additions on the character and fraction of intervariant boundaries present between martensite laths are reported. Remarkably, the dominant intervariant boundaries remain consistent across various alloys, revealing three significant angle-axis pairs associated with the Burgers orientation relationship: 60 deg/
[
1
1
2
¯
0
]
α
′
, 60.83 deg/
[
1.377
¯
1
¯
2.377
0.359
]
α
′
, and 63.26 deg/
[
10
¯
5
5
,
3
¯
]
α
′
. These pairs exhibit a similar distribution of intervariant boundary characteristics. In addition, the introduction of Fe and Ge into the Ti–6Al–4V alloy enhances the probability of the stacking fault. The hardness of the martensitic Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge alloy demonstrates a remarkable resilience to temperature variations, showing less than 6 pct decrease in hardness with increasing the temperature from ambient condition to
400
∘
C
, while many other alloys exhibit nearly a 25 pct decrease. The observed enhancement in hardness is attributed to solid solution strengthening, both at room and high temperatures. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11661-024-07332-9 |
| format | article |
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β
transus temperature, showing 25 pct decrease in the thickness of the martensite lath with an increased solute content from Ti–6Al–4V to Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge. Furthermore, the impact of alloying additions on the character and fraction of intervariant boundaries present between martensite laths are reported. Remarkably, the dominant intervariant boundaries remain consistent across various alloys, revealing three significant angle-axis pairs associated with the Burgers orientation relationship: 60 deg/
[
1
1
2
¯
0
]
α
′
, 60.83 deg/
[
1.377
¯
1
¯
2.377
0.359
]
α
′
, and 63.26 deg/
[
10
¯
5
5
,
3
¯
]
α
′
. These pairs exhibit a similar distribution of intervariant boundary characteristics. In addition, the introduction of Fe and Ge into the Ti–6Al–4V alloy enhances the probability of the stacking fault. The hardness of the martensitic Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge alloy demonstrates a remarkable resilience to temperature variations, showing less than 6 pct decrease in hardness with increasing the temperature from ambient condition to
400
∘
C
, while many other alloys exhibit nearly a 25 pct decrease. The observed enhancement in hardness is attributed to solid solution strengthening, both at room and high temperatures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1073-5623</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1543-1940</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11661-024-07332-9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Alloying ; Alloys ; Boundaries ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Fractions ; Germanium ; Hardness ; High temperature ; Martensite ; Materials Science ; Mechanical properties ; Metallic Materials ; Modulus of elasticity ; Nanotechnology ; Original Research Article ; Solid solutions ; Solution strengthening ; Stacking faults ; Structural Materials ; Surfaces and Interfaces ; Temperature ; Thermal stability ; Thin Films ; Titanium base alloys</subject><ispartof>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 2024-04, Vol.55 (4), p.1258-1270</ispartof><rights>The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-29abc14ecd12f2c51bc5d154ea85ff9d64b990df0d486fbc2525944c2d115a523</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chaithanya Kumar, K. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suresh, K. S.</creatorcontrib><title>Thermal Stability of Hardness and Modulus in Martensitic Ti–6Al–4V-Based Alloys: Role of V, Fe, and Ge Solute Contents</title><title>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science</title><addtitle>Metall Mater Trans A</addtitle><description>This study investigates the influence of V, Fe, and Ge additions on the evolution of the martensite phase in Ti–6Al–4V alloy, with a specific focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus. The addition of these elements affects the
β
transus temperature, showing 25 pct decrease in the thickness of the martensite lath with an increased solute content from Ti–6Al–4V to Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge. Furthermore, the impact of alloying additions on the character and fraction of intervariant boundaries present between martensite laths are reported. Remarkably, the dominant intervariant boundaries remain consistent across various alloys, revealing three significant angle-axis pairs associated with the Burgers orientation relationship: 60 deg/
[
1
1
2
¯
0
]
α
′
, 60.83 deg/
[
1.377
¯
1
¯
2.377
0.359
]
α
′
, and 63.26 deg/
[
10
¯
5
5
,
3
¯
]
α
′
. These pairs exhibit a similar distribution of intervariant boundary characteristics. In addition, the introduction of Fe and Ge into the Ti–6Al–4V alloy enhances the probability of the stacking fault. The hardness of the martensitic Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge alloy demonstrates a remarkable resilience to temperature variations, showing less than 6 pct decrease in hardness with increasing the temperature from ambient condition to
400
∘
C
, while many other alloys exhibit nearly a 25 pct decrease. The observed enhancement in hardness is attributed to solid solution strengthening, both at room and high temperatures.</description><subject>Alloying</subject><subject>Alloys</subject><subject>Boundaries</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Fractions</subject><subject>Germanium</subject><subject>Hardness</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>Martensite</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Metallic Materials</subject><subject>Modulus of elasticity</subject><subject>Nanotechnology</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Solid solutions</subject><subject>Solution strengthening</subject><subject>Stacking faults</subject><subject>Structural Materials</subject><subject>Surfaces and Interfaces</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Thermal stability</subject><subject>Thin Films</subject><subject>Titanium base alloys</subject><issn>1073-5623</issn><issn>1543-1940</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM9OAjEQxjdGExF9AU9NvFLt34V6QyJggjER5Np0264uKVtsdw948h18Q5_EAibevMxMJt_3m8yXZZcYXWOE-jcR4zzHEBEGUZ9SAsVR1sGcUYgFQ8dpTmvIc0JPs7MYVwghLGjeyT4WbzaslQPzRhWVq5ot8CWYqmBqGyNQtQGP3rSujaCqwaMKja1j1VQaLKrvz6986FJlS3inojVg6Jzfxlvw7J3dcZY9MLa9PWViwdy7trFg5OsEaeJ5dlIqF-3Fb-9mL-P7xWgKZ0-Th9FwBjXpowYSoQqNmdUGk5JojgvNTXrNqgEvS2FyVgiBTIkMG-RloQknXDCmicGYK05oN7s6cDfBv7c2NnLl21Cnk5IIOsAc55QnFTmodPAxBlvKTajWKmwlRnKXsTxkLFPGcp-xFMlED6aYxPWrDX_of1w_pql_vg</recordid><startdate>20240401</startdate><enddate>20240401</enddate><creator>Chaithanya Kumar, K. N.</creator><creator>Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao</creator><creator>Suresh, K. S.</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240401</creationdate><title>Thermal Stability of Hardness and Modulus in Martensitic Ti–6Al–4V-Based Alloys: Role of V, Fe, and Ge Solute Contents</title><author>Chaithanya Kumar, K. N. ; Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao ; Suresh, K. S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-29abc14ecd12f2c51bc5d154ea85ff9d64b990df0d486fbc2525944c2d115a523</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Alloying</topic><topic>Alloys</topic><topic>Boundaries</topic><topic>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Fractions</topic><topic>Germanium</topic><topic>Hardness</topic><topic>High temperature</topic><topic>Martensite</topic><topic>Materials Science</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Metallic Materials</topic><topic>Modulus of elasticity</topic><topic>Nanotechnology</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Solid solutions</topic><topic>Solution strengthening</topic><topic>Stacking faults</topic><topic>Structural Materials</topic><topic>Surfaces and Interfaces</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Thermal stability</topic><topic>Thin Films</topic><topic>Titanium base alloys</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chaithanya Kumar, K. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suresh, K. S.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><jtitle>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chaithanya Kumar, K. N.</au><au>Varukuti, Shashi Mohan Rao</au><au>Suresh, K. S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Thermal Stability of Hardness and Modulus in Martensitic Ti–6Al–4V-Based Alloys: Role of V, Fe, and Ge Solute Contents</atitle><jtitle>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science</jtitle><stitle>Metall Mater Trans A</stitle><date>2024-04-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1258</spage><epage>1270</epage><pages>1258-1270</pages><issn>1073-5623</issn><eissn>1543-1940</eissn><abstract>This study investigates the influence of V, Fe, and Ge additions on the evolution of the martensite phase in Ti–6Al–4V alloy, with a specific focus on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus. The addition of these elements affects the
β
transus temperature, showing 25 pct decrease in the thickness of the martensite lath with an increased solute content from Ti–6Al–4V to Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge. Furthermore, the impact of alloying additions on the character and fraction of intervariant boundaries present between martensite laths are reported. Remarkably, the dominant intervariant boundaries remain consistent across various alloys, revealing three significant angle-axis pairs associated with the Burgers orientation relationship: 60 deg/
[
1
1
2
¯
0
]
α
′
, 60.83 deg/
[
1.377
¯
1
¯
2.377
0.359
]
α
′
, and 63.26 deg/
[
10
¯
5
5
,
3
¯
]
α
′
. These pairs exhibit a similar distribution of intervariant boundary characteristics. In addition, the introduction of Fe and Ge into the Ti–6Al–4V alloy enhances the probability of the stacking fault. The hardness of the martensitic Ti–6Al–5V–1Fe–2Ge alloy demonstrates a remarkable resilience to temperature variations, showing less than 6 pct decrease in hardness with increasing the temperature from ambient condition to
400
∘
C
, while many other alloys exhibit nearly a 25 pct decrease. The observed enhancement in hardness is attributed to solid solution strengthening, both at room and high temperatures.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s11661-024-07332-9</doi><tpages>13</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1073-5623 |
| ispartof | Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 2024-04, Vol.55 (4), p.1258-1270 |
| issn | 1073-5623 1543-1940 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Springer Link |
| subjects | Alloying Alloys Boundaries Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry and Materials Science Fractions Germanium Hardness High temperature Martensite Materials Science Mechanical properties Metallic Materials Modulus of elasticity Nanotechnology Original Research Article Solid solutions Solution strengthening Stacking faults Structural Materials Surfaces and Interfaces Temperature Thermal stability Thin Films Titanium base alloys |
| title | Thermal Stability of Hardness and Modulus in Martensitic Ti–6Al–4V-Based Alloys: Role of V, Fe, and Ge Solute Contents |
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