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Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study
The lunar ionosphere is a ∼100 km thick layer of electrically charged plasma surrounding the moon. Despite knowledge of its existence for decades, the structure and dynamics of the lunar plasma remain a mystery due to lack of consistent observational capacity. An enhanced observational picture of th...
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| Published in: | Radio science 2023-07, Vol.58 (7), p.n/a |
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| container_title | Radio science |
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| creator | Watson, C. Jayachandran, P. T. Kashcheyev, A. Themens, D. R. Langley, R. B. Marchand, R. Yau, A. W. |
| description | The lunar ionosphere is a ∼100 km thick layer of electrically charged plasma surrounding the moon. Despite knowledge of its existence for decades, the structure and dynamics of the lunar plasma remain a mystery due to lack of consistent observational capacity. An enhanced observational picture of the lunar ionosphere and improved understanding of its formation/loss mechanisms is critical for understanding the lunar environment as a whole and assessing potential safety and economic hazards associated with lunar exploration and habitation. To address the high priority need for observations of the electrically charged constituents nikear the lunar surface, we introduce a concept study for the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). RIPLIO would consist of a multi‐CubeSat constellation (at least two satellites) in lunar orbit for the purpose of conducting “crosslink” radio occultation measurements of the lunar ionosphere, with at least one satellite carrying a very high frequency (VHF) transmitter broadcasting at multiple frequencies, and at least one satellite flying a broadband receiver to monitor transmitting satellites. Radio occultations intermittently occur when satellite‐to‐satellite signals cross through the lunar ionosphere, and the resulting phase perturbations of VikHF signals may be analyzed to infer the ionosphere electron content and high‐ resolution vertical electron density profiles. As demonstrated in this study, RIPLIO would provide a novel means for lunar observation, with the potential to provide long‐term, high‐resolution observations of the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented pan‐lunar detail.
Plain Language Summary
The lunar ionosphere comprises electrically charged particles within the lunar atmosphere and is derived from a wide range of sources and formation mechanisms that are not fully resolved. Although extremely tenuous compared to that of Earth's, the lunar ionosphere plays an integral role in physical processes occurring within the lunar environment. The composition and dynamics of the lunar ionosphere are mostly unknown at this point and may be linked to the lunar surface and sub‐surface, solar wind, magnetosphere, and Earth's atmosphere. Observation of the lunar ionosphere is essential to develop a complete picture of its structure and dynamic behavior and how it is formed. This is a critical aspect of assessing its physical role within the lunar environment and potential safety hazards for future l |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023RS007666 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2842424307</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2842424307</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3014-c9668529eea443e0570e2106dc4ae66f9b4421bb05354be9e37b3fa11ef824af3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp90E9Lw0AQBfBFFKzVmx9gwavR2d3JJuut1H_FQqVV8BY26URT22zcTZR-eyP14EnmMJcf78Fj7FTAhQBpLiVINV8AJFrrPTYQBjFKjHnZZwMATCOtAQ_ZUQgrAIGxxgF7mNtl5fikDq3vNlS3_NEW7_aVeOk8n3a19XziaheaN_JVwWd5IP9p28rVV3zEx64uqGn5ou2W22N2UNp1oJPfP2TPtzdP4_toOrubjEfTqFB9bVQYrdNYGiKLqAjiBEgK0MsCLWldmhxRijyHWMWYkyGV5Kq0QlCZSrSlGrKzXW7j3UdHoc1WrvN1X5nJFGV_CpJene9U4V0Insqs8dXG-m0mIPuZK_s7V8_ljn9Va9r-a7P59UIKqVF9AxBaan0</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2842424307</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study</title><source>Wiley Online Library</source><source>Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Archive</source><creator>Watson, C. ; Jayachandran, P. T. ; Kashcheyev, A. ; Themens, D. R. ; Langley, R. B. ; Marchand, R. ; Yau, A. W.</creator><creatorcontrib>Watson, C. ; Jayachandran, P. T. ; Kashcheyev, A. ; Themens, D. R. ; Langley, R. B. ; Marchand, R. ; Yau, A. W.</creatorcontrib><description>The lunar ionosphere is a ∼100 km thick layer of electrically charged plasma surrounding the moon. Despite knowledge of its existence for decades, the structure and dynamics of the lunar plasma remain a mystery due to lack of consistent observational capacity. An enhanced observational picture of the lunar ionosphere and improved understanding of its formation/loss mechanisms is critical for understanding the lunar environment as a whole and assessing potential safety and economic hazards associated with lunar exploration and habitation. To address the high priority need for observations of the electrically charged constituents nikear the lunar surface, we introduce a concept study for the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). RIPLIO would consist of a multi‐CubeSat constellation (at least two satellites) in lunar orbit for the purpose of conducting “crosslink” radio occultation measurements of the lunar ionosphere, with at least one satellite carrying a very high frequency (VHF) transmitter broadcasting at multiple frequencies, and at least one satellite flying a broadband receiver to monitor transmitting satellites. Radio occultations intermittently occur when satellite‐to‐satellite signals cross through the lunar ionosphere, and the resulting phase perturbations of VikHF signals may be analyzed to infer the ionosphere electron content and high‐ resolution vertical electron density profiles. As demonstrated in this study, RIPLIO would provide a novel means for lunar observation, with the potential to provide long‐term, high‐resolution observations of the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented pan‐lunar detail.
Plain Language Summary
The lunar ionosphere comprises electrically charged particles within the lunar atmosphere and is derived from a wide range of sources and formation mechanisms that are not fully resolved. Although extremely tenuous compared to that of Earth's, the lunar ionosphere plays an integral role in physical processes occurring within the lunar environment. The composition and dynamics of the lunar ionosphere are mostly unknown at this point and may be linked to the lunar surface and sub‐surface, solar wind, magnetosphere, and Earth's atmosphere. Observation of the lunar ionosphere is essential to develop a complete picture of its structure and dynamic behavior and how it is formed. This is a critical aspect of assessing its physical role within the lunar environment and potential safety hazards for future lunar exploration and habitation. This paper presents the concept of a radio‐based mission for lunar ionospheric observation called the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). This mission would employ multiple CubeSats in lunar orbit, equipped with radio transmitters and receivers, to observe the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented detail. This paper presents preliminary simulations of radio measurements of the lunar ionosphere, and discusses requirements for a potential RIPLIO mission and relevance to international science objectives.
Key Points
We propose a “crosslink” radio occultation method of observing electrically charged constituents of the lunar exosphere
Simulations demonstrate that two CubeSats in lunar orbit result in a substantial increase in lunar ionosphere observational capacity
We demonstrate that a VHF transmitter‐receiver “crosslink” setup is ideal for making radio occultation observations of the lunar ionosphere</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-6604</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-799X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023RS007666</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Broadband ; Charged particles ; Cubesat ; CubeSats ; Earth magnetosphere ; Electron density profiles ; Environmental hazards ; Hazard assessment ; Instrument packages ; Ionosphere ; lunar ; Lunar atmosphere ; Lunar environments ; Lunar exploration ; Lunar orbits ; Lunar surface ; Perturbation ; Radio occultation ; Radio transmitters ; Safety ; Satellite constellations ; Satellites ; Solar wind ; Very high frequencies</subject><ispartof>Radio science, 2023-07, Vol.58 (7), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023. The Authors.</rights><rights>2023. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3014-c9668529eea443e0570e2106dc4ae66f9b4421bb05354be9e37b3fa11ef824af3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2567-8187 ; 0000-0002-7228-6509 ; 0000-0002-3749-4417 ; 0000-0002-5062-7528 ; 0000-0002-6566-708X ; 0000-0002-8210-0392</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023RS007666$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023RS007666$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,11541,27957,27958,46503,46927,50923,51032</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Watson, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jayachandran, P. T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kashcheyev, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Themens, D. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langley, R. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marchand, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yau, A. W.</creatorcontrib><title>Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study</title><title>Radio science</title><description>The lunar ionosphere is a ∼100 km thick layer of electrically charged plasma surrounding the moon. Despite knowledge of its existence for decades, the structure and dynamics of the lunar plasma remain a mystery due to lack of consistent observational capacity. An enhanced observational picture of the lunar ionosphere and improved understanding of its formation/loss mechanisms is critical for understanding the lunar environment as a whole and assessing potential safety and economic hazards associated with lunar exploration and habitation. To address the high priority need for observations of the electrically charged constituents nikear the lunar surface, we introduce a concept study for the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). RIPLIO would consist of a multi‐CubeSat constellation (at least two satellites) in lunar orbit for the purpose of conducting “crosslink” radio occultation measurements of the lunar ionosphere, with at least one satellite carrying a very high frequency (VHF) transmitter broadcasting at multiple frequencies, and at least one satellite flying a broadband receiver to monitor transmitting satellites. Radio occultations intermittently occur when satellite‐to‐satellite signals cross through the lunar ionosphere, and the resulting phase perturbations of VikHF signals may be analyzed to infer the ionosphere electron content and high‐ resolution vertical electron density profiles. As demonstrated in this study, RIPLIO would provide a novel means for lunar observation, with the potential to provide long‐term, high‐resolution observations of the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented pan‐lunar detail.
Plain Language Summary
The lunar ionosphere comprises electrically charged particles within the lunar atmosphere and is derived from a wide range of sources and formation mechanisms that are not fully resolved. Although extremely tenuous compared to that of Earth's, the lunar ionosphere plays an integral role in physical processes occurring within the lunar environment. The composition and dynamics of the lunar ionosphere are mostly unknown at this point and may be linked to the lunar surface and sub‐surface, solar wind, magnetosphere, and Earth's atmosphere. Observation of the lunar ionosphere is essential to develop a complete picture of its structure and dynamic behavior and how it is formed. This is a critical aspect of assessing its physical role within the lunar environment and potential safety hazards for future lunar exploration and habitation. This paper presents the concept of a radio‐based mission for lunar ionospheric observation called the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). This mission would employ multiple CubeSats in lunar orbit, equipped with radio transmitters and receivers, to observe the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented detail. This paper presents preliminary simulations of radio measurements of the lunar ionosphere, and discusses requirements for a potential RIPLIO mission and relevance to international science objectives.
Key Points
We propose a “crosslink” radio occultation method of observing electrically charged constituents of the lunar exosphere
Simulations demonstrate that two CubeSats in lunar orbit result in a substantial increase in lunar ionosphere observational capacity
We demonstrate that a VHF transmitter‐receiver “crosslink” setup is ideal for making radio occultation observations of the lunar ionosphere</description><subject>Broadband</subject><subject>Charged particles</subject><subject>Cubesat</subject><subject>CubeSats</subject><subject>Earth magnetosphere</subject><subject>Electron density profiles</subject><subject>Environmental hazards</subject><subject>Hazard assessment</subject><subject>Instrument packages</subject><subject>Ionosphere</subject><subject>lunar</subject><subject>Lunar atmosphere</subject><subject>Lunar environments</subject><subject>Lunar exploration</subject><subject>Lunar orbits</subject><subject>Lunar surface</subject><subject>Perturbation</subject><subject>Radio occultation</subject><subject>Radio transmitters</subject><subject>Safety</subject><subject>Satellite constellations</subject><subject>Satellites</subject><subject>Solar wind</subject><subject>Very high frequencies</subject><issn>0048-6604</issn><issn>1944-799X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><recordid>eNp90E9Lw0AQBfBFFKzVmx9gwavR2d3JJuut1H_FQqVV8BY26URT22zcTZR-eyP14EnmMJcf78Fj7FTAhQBpLiVINV8AJFrrPTYQBjFKjHnZZwMATCOtAQ_ZUQgrAIGxxgF7mNtl5fikDq3vNlS3_NEW7_aVeOk8n3a19XziaheaN_JVwWd5IP9p28rVV3zEx64uqGn5ou2W22N2UNp1oJPfP2TPtzdP4_toOrubjEfTqFB9bVQYrdNYGiKLqAjiBEgK0MsCLWldmhxRijyHWMWYkyGV5Kq0QlCZSrSlGrKzXW7j3UdHoc1WrvN1X5nJFGV_CpJene9U4V0Insqs8dXG-m0mIPuZK_s7V8_ljn9Va9r-a7P59UIKqVF9AxBaan0</recordid><startdate>202307</startdate><enddate>202307</enddate><creator>Watson, C.</creator><creator>Jayachandran, P. T.</creator><creator>Kashcheyev, A.</creator><creator>Themens, D. R.</creator><creator>Langley, R. B.</creator><creator>Marchand, R.</creator><creator>Yau, A. W.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2567-8187</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-6509</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3749-4417</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5062-7528</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-708X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-0392</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202307</creationdate><title>Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study</title><author>Watson, C. ; Jayachandran, P. T. ; Kashcheyev, A. ; Themens, D. R. ; Langley, R. B. ; Marchand, R. ; Yau, A. W.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3014-c9668529eea443e0570e2106dc4ae66f9b4421bb05354be9e37b3fa11ef824af3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Broadband</topic><topic>Charged particles</topic><topic>Cubesat</topic><topic>CubeSats</topic><topic>Earth magnetosphere</topic><topic>Electron density profiles</topic><topic>Environmental hazards</topic><topic>Hazard assessment</topic><topic>Instrument packages</topic><topic>Ionosphere</topic><topic>lunar</topic><topic>Lunar atmosphere</topic><topic>Lunar environments</topic><topic>Lunar exploration</topic><topic>Lunar orbits</topic><topic>Lunar surface</topic><topic>Perturbation</topic><topic>Radio occultation</topic><topic>Radio transmitters</topic><topic>Safety</topic><topic>Satellite constellations</topic><topic>Satellites</topic><topic>Solar wind</topic><topic>Very high frequencies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Watson, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jayachandran, P. T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kashcheyev, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Themens, D. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Langley, R. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marchand, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yau, A. W.</creatorcontrib><collection>Open Access: Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Journals</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Radio science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Watson, C.</au><au>Jayachandran, P. T.</au><au>Kashcheyev, A.</au><au>Themens, D. R.</au><au>Langley, R. B.</au><au>Marchand, R.</au><au>Yau, A. W.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study</atitle><jtitle>Radio science</jtitle><date>2023-07</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>58</volume><issue>7</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>0048-6604</issn><eissn>1944-799X</eissn><abstract>The lunar ionosphere is a ∼100 km thick layer of electrically charged plasma surrounding the moon. Despite knowledge of its existence for decades, the structure and dynamics of the lunar plasma remain a mystery due to lack of consistent observational capacity. An enhanced observational picture of the lunar ionosphere and improved understanding of its formation/loss mechanisms is critical for understanding the lunar environment as a whole and assessing potential safety and economic hazards associated with lunar exploration and habitation. To address the high priority need for observations of the electrically charged constituents nikear the lunar surface, we introduce a concept study for the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). RIPLIO would consist of a multi‐CubeSat constellation (at least two satellites) in lunar orbit for the purpose of conducting “crosslink” radio occultation measurements of the lunar ionosphere, with at least one satellite carrying a very high frequency (VHF) transmitter broadcasting at multiple frequencies, and at least one satellite flying a broadband receiver to monitor transmitting satellites. Radio occultations intermittently occur when satellite‐to‐satellite signals cross through the lunar ionosphere, and the resulting phase perturbations of VikHF signals may be analyzed to infer the ionosphere electron content and high‐ resolution vertical electron density profiles. As demonstrated in this study, RIPLIO would provide a novel means for lunar observation, with the potential to provide long‐term, high‐resolution observations of the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented pan‐lunar detail.
Plain Language Summary
The lunar ionosphere comprises electrically charged particles within the lunar atmosphere and is derived from a wide range of sources and formation mechanisms that are not fully resolved. Although extremely tenuous compared to that of Earth's, the lunar ionosphere plays an integral role in physical processes occurring within the lunar environment. The composition and dynamics of the lunar ionosphere are mostly unknown at this point and may be linked to the lunar surface and sub‐surface, solar wind, magnetosphere, and Earth's atmosphere. Observation of the lunar ionosphere is essential to develop a complete picture of its structure and dynamic behavior and how it is formed. This is a critical aspect of assessing its physical role within the lunar environment and potential safety hazards for future lunar exploration and habitation. This paper presents the concept of a radio‐based mission for lunar ionospheric observation called the Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation (RIPLIO). This mission would employ multiple CubeSats in lunar orbit, equipped with radio transmitters and receivers, to observe the lunar ionosphere with unprecedented detail. This paper presents preliminary simulations of radio measurements of the lunar ionosphere, and discusses requirements for a potential RIPLIO mission and relevance to international science objectives.
Key Points
We propose a “crosslink” radio occultation method of observing electrically charged constituents of the lunar exosphere
Simulations demonstrate that two CubeSats in lunar orbit result in a substantial increase in lunar ionosphere observational capacity
We demonstrate that a VHF transmitter‐receiver “crosslink” setup is ideal for making radio occultation observations of the lunar ionosphere</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023RS007666</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2567-8187</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-6509</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3749-4417</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5062-7528</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-708X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8210-0392</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0048-6604 |
| ispartof | Radio science, 2023-07, Vol.58 (7), p.n/a |
| issn | 0048-6604 1944-799X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2842424307 |
| source | Wiley Online Library; Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Archive |
| subjects | Broadband Charged particles Cubesat CubeSats Earth magnetosphere Electron density profiles Environmental hazards Hazard assessment Instrument packages Ionosphere lunar Lunar atmosphere Lunar environments Lunar exploration Lunar orbits Lunar surface Perturbation Radio occultation Radio transmitters Safety Satellite constellations Satellites Solar wind Very high frequencies |
| title | Radio Instrument Package for Lunar Ionospheric Observation: A Concept Study |
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