Groundwater quality risk assessment using hydro-chemical and geospatial analysis

Groundwater quality risk assessment is vital to protect this precious resource, because increasing anthropogenic and agricultural activities combined with limited precipitation deteriorate the groundwater quality particularly in the arid regions. Therefore, the assessment of groundwater quality usin...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environment, development and sustainability development and sustainability, 2023-08, Vol.25 (8), p.8343-8365
Main Authors: Farid, Hafiz Umar, Ayub, Hafiz Usman, Khan, Zahid Mahmood, Ahmad, Ijaz, Anjum, Muhammad Naveed, Kanwar, Rana Muhammad Asif, Mubeen, Muhammad, Sakinder, Pervaiz
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anthropogenic factors
Arid regions
Arid zones
Calcium ions
Chemicals
Decision making
Diagrams
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecology
Economic Geology
Economic Growth
Electrical conductivity
Electrical resistivity
Environment
Environmental Economics
Environmental Management
Evaluation
Groundwater
Groundwater irrigation
Groundwater quality
Irrigation
Magnesium
Permeability
Quality assessment
Risk assessment
Salinity
Salinity effects
Sodium
Sodium carbonate
Spatial analysis
Spatial distribution
Sustainable Development
Water quality
Water resources
Water sampling
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Summary:Groundwater quality risk assessment is vital to protect this precious resource, because increasing anthropogenic and agricultural activities combined with limited precipitation deteriorate the groundwater quality particularly in the arid regions. Therefore, the assessment of groundwater quality using hydro-chemical and spatial analysis can provide the guidelines for efficient management of groundwater resources. In present study, a total of 87 samples were collected from various pumping wells in district Multan, Pakistan. These samples were analysed for groundwater quality parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolve solids (TDS), pH, Na + , Ca 2+  + Mg 2+ , Cl − , CO 3 2− , HCO 3 − , sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and Kelly’s ratio (KR). The Wilcox, United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and permeability index (PI) diagrams were drawn to classify the water into excellent, good, marginal and poor-quality groundwater for irrigation obligatory. Using the ArcGIS vs 10, an ordinary kriging method with best fit semivariogram model was applied for preparation of spatial distribution maps. According to Wilcox classification, 40% of groundwater samples fall in ‘Excellent to a Good’ category. USSL diagram showed that 27% of groundwater samples fall in ‘Medium Salinity’ and ‘Low sodium hazard’ (C2S1) class. The PI values were found in the range of 22 to 95 meq/L with an average value of 58.5 meq/L. Similarly, the spatial analysis showed that upper part (northeast and northwest) of the Multan District have good quality of groundwater for irrigation. Furthermore, the finding may help to make the spatial management decision for groundwater in the region.
ISSN:1387-585X
1573-2975
DOI:10.1007/s10668-022-02403-6