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Application of surface science techniques to study a gilded Egyptian funerary mask: A multi‐analytical approach
A wide range of analytical techniques has been used to study an Egyptian funerary mask of the Ptolemaic period (305‐30 bc). Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques us...
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| Published in: | Surface and interface analysis 2019-10, Vol.51 (10), p.1001-1017 |
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| container_title | Surface and interface analysis |
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| creator | Gard, Faramarz Sahra Daizo, Maria Belén Santos, Diego Maximiliano Halac, Emilia Betty Freire, Eleonora Reinoso, María Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz Dominguez, Silvia Adriana Montero, Ricardo Jesús |
| description | A wide range of analytical techniques has been used to study an Egyptian funerary mask of the Ptolemaic period (305‐30 bc). Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques used to construct the gilded mask. It is confirmed, that the golden leaf used to cover the mask is the product of an antique refinery practice, so called, cementation process of naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, namely electrum. Complementary results of SEM‐electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)–wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) provided chemical compositions of the golden leaf as well as in the plaster base of the mask. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Au, Ag, Si, S, Cl, Ca, and N, in addition to O and C. Relative concentration of Au/Ag at the surface has been measured by XPS to be 70% to 30%. XPS depth profiling verified silver‐enrichment at the surface, as ratio of gold to silver is measured to be 80% to 20% at the depth of 15 nm. XPS chemical mapping images of gold and silver confirmed a rather inhomogeneous character of Au/Ag relative concentration at the surface. The main diffraction peaks in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum coincide with diffraction peaks of pure gold, silver metals, and magnesium calcite Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3. Whereas, Raman spectroscopy results implied the existence of Ag2S, a tarnishing compound, on the golden area of the mask. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/sia.6685 |
| format | article |
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Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques used to construct the gilded mask. It is confirmed, that the golden leaf used to cover the mask is the product of an antique refinery practice, so called, cementation process of naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, namely electrum. Complementary results of SEM‐electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)–wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) provided chemical compositions of the golden leaf as well as in the plaster base of the mask. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Au, Ag, Si, S, Cl, Ca, and N, in addition to O and C. Relative concentration of Au/Ag at the surface has been measured by XPS to be 70% to 30%. XPS depth profiling verified silver‐enrichment at the surface, as ratio of gold to silver is measured to be 80% to 20% at the depth of 15 nm. XPS chemical mapping images of gold and silver confirmed a rather inhomogeneous character of Au/Ag relative concentration at the surface. The main diffraction peaks in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum coincide with diffraction peaks of pure gold, silver metals, and magnesium calcite Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3. Whereas, Raman spectroscopy results implied the existence of Ag2S, a tarnishing compound, on the golden area of the mask.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0142-2421</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-9918</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/sia.6685</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bognor Regis: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Calcite ; Cementation ; cementation process ; Chemical composition ; Depth profiling ; Egyptian funerary mask ; Electron probe microanalysis ; Electron probes ; EPMA‐WDS ; Gold ; Gold base alloys ; Magnesium ; Mapping ; Metallurgy ; Organic chemistry ; Photoelectric emission ; Raman spectroscopy ; Refineries ; Scanning electron microscopy ; SEM‐EDS ; Silver ; Spectrum analysis ; Tarnishing ; X-ray diffraction ; XPS ; XRD</subject><ispartof>Surface and interface analysis, 2019-10, Vol.51 (10), p.1001-1017</ispartof><rights>2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2935-81ea0dec32a216d94cf50b7a728a7b0211688d6366f68d50c34bc8b2b470092a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2935-81ea0dec32a216d94cf50b7a728a7b0211688d6366f68d50c34bc8b2b470092a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5332-2570</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fsia.6685$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fsia.6685$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958,50923,51032</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gard, Faramarz Sahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daizo, Maria Belén</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos, Diego Maximiliano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halac, Emilia Betty</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freire, Eleonora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinoso, María</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dominguez, Silvia Adriana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montero, Ricardo Jesús</creatorcontrib><title>Application of surface science techniques to study a gilded Egyptian funerary mask: A multi‐analytical approach</title><title>Surface and interface analysis</title><description>A wide range of analytical techniques has been used to study an Egyptian funerary mask of the Ptolemaic period (305‐30 bc). Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques used to construct the gilded mask. It is confirmed, that the golden leaf used to cover the mask is the product of an antique refinery practice, so called, cementation process of naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, namely electrum. Complementary results of SEM‐electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)–wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) provided chemical compositions of the golden leaf as well as in the plaster base of the mask. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Au, Ag, Si, S, Cl, Ca, and N, in addition to O and C. Relative concentration of Au/Ag at the surface has been measured by XPS to be 70% to 30%. XPS depth profiling verified silver‐enrichment at the surface, as ratio of gold to silver is measured to be 80% to 20% at the depth of 15 nm. XPS chemical mapping images of gold and silver confirmed a rather inhomogeneous character of Au/Ag relative concentration at the surface. The main diffraction peaks in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum coincide with diffraction peaks of pure gold, silver metals, and magnesium calcite Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3. Whereas, Raman spectroscopy results implied the existence of Ag2S, a tarnishing compound, on the golden area of the mask.</description><subject>Calcite</subject><subject>Cementation</subject><subject>cementation process</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Depth profiling</subject><subject>Egyptian funerary mask</subject><subject>Electron probe microanalysis</subject><subject>Electron probes</subject><subject>EPMA‐WDS</subject><subject>Gold</subject><subject>Gold base alloys</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Mapping</subject><subject>Metallurgy</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Photoelectric emission</subject><subject>Raman spectroscopy</subject><subject>Refineries</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>SEM‐EDS</subject><subject>Silver</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Tarnishing</subject><subject>X-ray diffraction</subject><subject>XPS</subject><subject>XRD</subject><issn>0142-2421</issn><issn>1096-9918</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kLFOwzAURS0EEqUg8QmWWFhSnp3EcdiiqkClSgzAHL04TuuSJqntCGXjE_hGvoSUsjLd5ei--w4h1wxmDIDfOYMzIWR8QiYMUhGkKZOnZAIs4gGPODsnF85tAUCGUkzIPuu62ij0pm1oW1HX2wqVpk4Z3Yzptdo0Zt9rR31Lne_LgSJdm7rUJV2sh84bbGjVN9qiHegO3fs9zeiur735_vzCBuvBj_01xa6zLarNJTmrsHb66i-n5O1h8Tp_ClbPj8t5tgoUT8M4kEwjlFqFHDkTZRqpKoYiwYRLTArgjAkpSxEKUQlZxqDCqFCy4EWUAKQcwym5OfaOZw_7fb5tezvucTnnMpGQpCGM1O2RUrZ1zuoq76zZja_kDPKD0HwUmh-EjmhwRD9MrYd_ufxlmf3yP_fXeKA</recordid><startdate>201910</startdate><enddate>201910</enddate><creator>Gard, Faramarz Sahra</creator><creator>Daizo, Maria Belén</creator><creator>Santos, Diego Maximiliano</creator><creator>Halac, Emilia Betty</creator><creator>Freire, Eleonora</creator><creator>Reinoso, María</creator><creator>Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz</creator><creator>Dominguez, Silvia Adriana</creator><creator>Montero, Ricardo Jesús</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-2570</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201910</creationdate><title>Application of surface science techniques to study a gilded Egyptian funerary mask: A multi‐analytical approach</title><author>Gard, Faramarz Sahra ; Daizo, Maria Belén ; Santos, Diego Maximiliano ; Halac, Emilia Betty ; Freire, Eleonora ; Reinoso, María ; Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz ; Dominguez, Silvia Adriana ; Montero, Ricardo Jesús</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2935-81ea0dec32a216d94cf50b7a728a7b0211688d6366f68d50c34bc8b2b470092a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Calcite</topic><topic>Cementation</topic><topic>cementation process</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Depth profiling</topic><topic>Egyptian funerary mask</topic><topic>Electron probe microanalysis</topic><topic>Electron probes</topic><topic>EPMA‐WDS</topic><topic>Gold</topic><topic>Gold base alloys</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Mapping</topic><topic>Metallurgy</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Photoelectric emission</topic><topic>Raman spectroscopy</topic><topic>Refineries</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>SEM‐EDS</topic><topic>Silver</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Tarnishing</topic><topic>X-ray diffraction</topic><topic>XPS</topic><topic>XRD</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gard, Faramarz Sahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daizo, Maria Belén</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos, Diego Maximiliano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halac, Emilia Betty</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freire, Eleonora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinoso, María</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dominguez, Silvia Adriana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montero, Ricardo Jesús</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Surface and interface analysis</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gard, Faramarz Sahra</au><au>Daizo, Maria Belén</au><au>Santos, Diego Maximiliano</au><au>Halac, Emilia Betty</au><au>Freire, Eleonora</au><au>Reinoso, María</au><au>Bozzano, Patricia Beatriz</au><au>Dominguez, Silvia Adriana</au><au>Montero, Ricardo Jesús</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Application of surface science techniques to study a gilded Egyptian funerary mask: A multi‐analytical approach</atitle><jtitle>Surface and interface analysis</jtitle><date>2019-10</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>51</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1001</spage><epage>1017</epage><pages>1001-1017</pages><issn>0142-2421</issn><eissn>1096-9918</eissn><abstract>A wide range of analytical techniques has been used to study an Egyptian funerary mask of the Ptolemaic period (305‐30 bc). Secondary electron (SE) and back‐scattering (BS) images, recorded by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), provided a detailed representation of the metallurgical techniques used to construct the gilded mask. It is confirmed, that the golden leaf used to cover the mask is the product of an antique refinery practice, so called, cementation process of naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, namely electrum. Complementary results of SEM‐electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)–wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS) provided chemical compositions of the golden leaf as well as in the plaster base of the mask. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Au, Ag, Si, S, Cl, Ca, and N, in addition to O and C. Relative concentration of Au/Ag at the surface has been measured by XPS to be 70% to 30%. XPS depth profiling verified silver‐enrichment at the surface, as ratio of gold to silver is measured to be 80% to 20% at the depth of 15 nm. XPS chemical mapping images of gold and silver confirmed a rather inhomogeneous character of Au/Ag relative concentration at the surface. The main diffraction peaks in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum coincide with diffraction peaks of pure gold, silver metals, and magnesium calcite Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3. Whereas, Raman spectroscopy results implied the existence of Ag2S, a tarnishing compound, on the golden area of the mask.</abstract><cop>Bognor Regis</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><doi>10.1002/sia.6685</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-2570</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Surface and interface analysis, 2019-10, Vol.51 (10), p.1001-1017 |
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| subjects | Calcite Cementation cementation process Chemical composition Depth profiling Egyptian funerary mask Electron probe microanalysis Electron probes EPMA‐WDS Gold Gold base alloys Magnesium Mapping Metallurgy Organic chemistry Photoelectric emission Raman spectroscopy Refineries Scanning electron microscopy SEM‐EDS Silver Spectrum analysis Tarnishing X-ray diffraction XPS XRD |
| title | Application of surface science techniques to study a gilded Egyptian funerary mask: A multi‐analytical approach |
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