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Fish presence and inter‐patch connectivity interactively alter the size of emergent insects in experimental enclosures
Structural habitat complexity (SHC) and functional habitat connectivity (FHC) are the basic components that make up the physical architecture of an ecosystem, and can have substantial impacts on predator–prey interactions. These structural components influence animal behaviors such as inter‐patch mo...
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Published in: | Ecosphere (Washington, D.C) D.C), 2018-03, Vol.9 (3), p.n/a |
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description | Structural habitat complexity (SHC) and functional habitat connectivity (FHC) are the basic components that make up the physical architecture of an ecosystem, and can have substantial impacts on predator–prey interactions. These structural components influence animal behaviors such as inter‐patch movement, foraging, and competition, and can impact community structure/dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The effects of SHC and FHC on predator–prey dynamics within an ecosystem may also have important cascading effects on neighboring ecosystems by altering the movement of individuals across ecosystem boundaries. For example, when aquatic insects emerge as adults, they enter terrestrial ecosystems where they become an important food resource for terrestrial predators. Using a multiple patch, predator enclosure design in ponds, we tested whether altering intra‐patch plant stem densities (SHC) and inter‐patch distances (FHC) would influence the impact a predatory fish has on the biomass, quality, and trophic composition of emergent insects. As expected, fish significantly reduced emergent insect biomass (33% ± 7.6, mean ± SE). Intra‐patch stem densities (SHC) did not significantly alter fish effects; however, inter‐patch distance (FHC) did significantly alter the impact of fish on the size of some emergent insects. Damselflies that emerged in treatments with fish present and shorter inter‐patch distances were significantly larger, 4.1 ± 0.1 mg/m2 compared to 3.3 mg/m2 ± 0.1 in the long/fish treatments. In fish treatments, this effect on damselfly size resulted in greater reductions in total emergent insect biomass in long inter‐patch distance treatments (47.3% ± 6.9) compared to short inter‐patch distance treatments (20.5% ± 12.4). Our results suggest that physical components of a habitat, such as inter‐patch distances, have important impacts on predator–prey dynamics within habitats. These altered predator–prey dynamics can then have cascading effects on adjacent habitats by influencing the abundance, trophic composition, and quality of exported trophic subsidies. |
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Intra‐patch stem densities (SHC) did not significantly alter fish effects; however, inter‐patch distance (FHC) did significantly alter the impact of fish on the size of some emergent insects. Damselflies that emerged in treatments with fish present and shorter inter‐patch distances were significantly larger, 4.1 ± 0.1 mg/m2 compared to 3.3 mg/m2 ± 0.1 in the long/fish treatments. In fish treatments, this effect on damselfly size resulted in greater reductions in total emergent insect biomass in long inter‐patch distance treatments (47.3% ± 6.9) compared to short inter‐patch distance treatments (20.5% ± 12.4). Our results suggest that physical components of a habitat, such as inter‐patch distances, have important impacts on predator–prey dynamics within habitats. 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These structural components influence animal behaviors such as inter‐patch movement, foraging, and competition, and can impact community structure/dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The effects of SHC and FHC on predator–prey dynamics within an ecosystem may also have important cascading effects on neighboring ecosystems by altering the movement of individuals across ecosystem boundaries. For example, when aquatic insects emerge as adults, they enter terrestrial ecosystems where they become an important food resource for terrestrial predators. Using a multiple patch, predator enclosure design in ponds, we tested whether altering intra‐patch plant stem densities (SHC) and inter‐patch distances (FHC) would influence the impact a predatory fish has on the biomass, quality, and trophic composition of emergent insects. As expected, fish significantly reduced emergent insect biomass (33% ± 7.6, mean ± SE). Intra‐patch stem densities (SHC) did not significantly alter fish effects; however, inter‐patch distance (FHC) did significantly alter the impact of fish on the size of some emergent insects. Damselflies that emerged in treatments with fish present and shorter inter‐patch distances were significantly larger, 4.1 ± 0.1 mg/m2 compared to 3.3 mg/m2 ± 0.1 in the long/fish treatments. In fish treatments, this effect on damselfly size resulted in greater reductions in total emergent insect biomass in long inter‐patch distance treatments (47.3% ± 6.9) compared to short inter‐patch distance treatments (20.5% ± 12.4). Our results suggest that physical components of a habitat, such as inter‐patch distances, have important impacts on predator–prey dynamics within habitats. These altered predator–prey dynamics can then have cascading effects on adjacent habitats by influencing the abundance, trophic composition, and quality of exported trophic subsidies.</description><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Aquatic insects</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Community structure</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>functional habitat connectivity</subject><subject>habitat structure</subject><subject>Habitats</subject><subject>insect emergence</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>inter‐patch distance</subject><subject>Lepomis cyanellus</subject><subject>Predator-prey interactions</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Prey</subject><subject>resource subsidies</subject><subject>Subsidies</subject><subject>Terrestrial ecosystems</subject><subject>Terrestrial environments</subject><issn>2150-8925</issn><issn>2150-8925</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kL9OwzAQxi0EElVh4A0sMTGk9b84zoiqFpAqMdDdct0LTZUmwXahYeIReEaeBIcwsODlfL7f3ef7ELqiZEIJYVOwnk0YpeoEjRhNSaJylp7-uZ-jS-93JJ5UZErwETouSr_FrQMPtQVs6g0u6wDu6-OzNcFusW3qGmwoX8vQDSXTZ1B12FQxw2EL2JfvgJsCwx7cM9Qhgj42-RgxHFtw5T6-mgpHkarxhyh3gc4KU3m4_I1jtFrMV7P7ZPl49zC7XSaWc6YSKw0lKcm5KnLKedwyszIzIIWwBjYFX0tCqZQ2Z0pCJsWGsiyjkqwZEQXhY3Q9jG1d83IAH_SuObg6KmrGpOKEZiKP1M1AWdd476DQbfyycZ2mRPfW6t5a3Vsb2enAvpUVdP-Dej57Yj8d39gBfFc</recordid><startdate>201803</startdate><enddate>201803</enddate><creator>Pitcher, Kristopher A.</creator><creator>Soluk, Daniel A.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201803</creationdate><title>Fish presence and inter‐patch connectivity interactively alter the size of emergent insects in experimental enclosures</title><author>Pitcher, Kristopher A. ; Soluk, Daniel A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3328-c6a1050938f91330027c67ae644caedf3b601166c9286e764d1277160b204f03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Animal behavior</topic><topic>Aquatic ecosystems</topic><topic>Aquatic insects</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Community structure</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>functional habitat connectivity</topic><topic>habitat structure</topic><topic>Habitats</topic><topic>insect emergence</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>inter‐patch distance</topic><topic>Lepomis cyanellus</topic><topic>Predator-prey interactions</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Prey</topic><topic>resource subsidies</topic><topic>Subsidies</topic><topic>Terrestrial ecosystems</topic><topic>Terrestrial environments</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pitcher, Kristopher A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soluk, Daniel A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library Free Content</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Databases</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pitcher, Kristopher A.</au><au>Soluk, Daniel A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fish presence and inter‐patch connectivity interactively alter the size of emergent insects in experimental enclosures</atitle><jtitle>Ecosphere (Washington, D.C)</jtitle><date>2018-03</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2150-8925</issn><eissn>2150-8925</eissn><abstract>Structural habitat complexity (SHC) and functional habitat connectivity (FHC) are the basic components that make up the physical architecture of an ecosystem, and can have substantial impacts on predator–prey interactions. 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Intra‐patch stem densities (SHC) did not significantly alter fish effects; however, inter‐patch distance (FHC) did significantly alter the impact of fish on the size of some emergent insects. Damselflies that emerged in treatments with fish present and shorter inter‐patch distances were significantly larger, 4.1 ± 0.1 mg/m2 compared to 3.3 mg/m2 ± 0.1 in the long/fish treatments. In fish treatments, this effect on damselfly size resulted in greater reductions in total emergent insect biomass in long inter‐patch distance treatments (47.3% ± 6.9) compared to short inter‐patch distance treatments (20.5% ± 12.4). Our results suggest that physical components of a habitat, such as inter‐patch distances, have important impacts on predator–prey dynamics within habitats. 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subjects | Animal behavior Aquatic ecosystems Aquatic insects Biodiversity Biomass Community structure Environmental impact Fish functional habitat connectivity habitat structure Habitats insect emergence Insects inter‐patch distance Lepomis cyanellus Predator-prey interactions Predators Prey resource subsidies Subsidies Terrestrial ecosystems Terrestrial environments |
title | Fish presence and inter‐patch connectivity interactively alter the size of emergent insects in experimental enclosures |
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