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Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan
We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan. We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to...
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Published in: | PloS one 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0256451-e0256451 |
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creator | Ghanchi, Najia Karim Nasir, Asghar Masood, Kiran Iqbal Abidi, Syed Hani Mahmood, Syed Faisal Kanji, Akbar Razzak, Safina Khan, Waqasuddin Shahid, Saba Yameen, Maliha Raza, Ali Ashraf, Javaria Ansar, Zeeshan Dharejo, Mohammad Buksh Islam, Nazneen Hasan, Zahra Hasan, Rumina |
description | We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan. We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020. In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10.sup.-4 . The most frequent mutations were 5' UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site. The higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0256451 |
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We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020. In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10.sup.-4 . The most frequent mutations were 5' UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site. The higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256451</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34464419</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>5' Untranslated Regions ; Analysis ; Biology and life sciences ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Disease transmission ; DNA-directed RNA polymerase ; Entropy ; Epidemiology ; Funding ; Gene sequencing ; Genomes ; Glycoproteins ; Growth hormone ; Laboratories ; Medicine ; Medicine and health sciences ; Mutation ; Mutation rates ; Overseas ; Pandemics ; Pathology ; People and Places ; Phylogeny ; Physical Sciences ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Spike glycoprotein ; Strains (organisms) ; Viral diseases ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0256451-e0256451</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Ghanchi et al. 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Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Ghanchi et al 2021 Ghanchi et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-9927f9d1173bc3e0c22105da765d2000bfb774afb06170c7a87654807a9d746e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-9927f9d1173bc3e0c22105da765d2000bfb774afb06170c7a87654807a9d746e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7580-372X ; 0000-0001-7995-8163</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2567969565/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2567969565?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,733,786,790,891,25783,27957,27958,37047,37048,38551,43930,44625,53827,53829,74769,75483</link.rule.ids></links><search><contributor>Atta, Sagheer</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ghanchi, Najia Karim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nasir, Asghar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Masood, Kiran Iqbal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abidi, Syed Hani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmood, Syed Faisal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kanji, Akbar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Razzak, Safina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Waqasuddin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahid, Saba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yameen, Maliha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raza, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ashraf, Javaria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ansar, Zeeshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dharejo, Mohammad Buksh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Islam, Nazneen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Rumina</creatorcontrib><title>Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan</title><title>PloS one</title><description>We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan. We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020. In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10.sup.-4 . The most frequent mutations were 5' UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site. The higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic.</description><subject>5' Untranslated Regions</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>DNA-directed RNA polymerase</subject><subject>Entropy</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Funding</subject><subject>Gene sequencing</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Glycoproteins</subject><subject>Growth hormone</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and health sciences</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Mutation rates</subject><subject>Overseas</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>People and 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Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ghanchi, Najia Karim</au><au>Nasir, Asghar</au><au>Masood, Kiran Iqbal</au><au>Abidi, Syed Hani</au><au>Mahmood, Syed Faisal</au><au>Kanji, Akbar</au><au>Razzak, Safina</au><au>Khan, Waqasuddin</au><au>Shahid, Saba</au><au>Yameen, Maliha</au><au>Raza, Ali</au><au>Ashraf, Javaria</au><au>Ansar, Zeeshan</au><au>Dharejo, Mohammad Buksh</au><au>Islam, Nazneen</au><au>Hasan, Zahra</au><au>Hasan, Rumina</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><date>2021-08-31</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e0256451</spage><epage>e0256451</epage><pages>e0256451-e0256451</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><notes>Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</notes><abstract>We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan. We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020. In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10.sup.-4 . The most frequent mutations were 5' UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site. The higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34464419</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0256451</doi><tpages>e0256451</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7580-372X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-8163</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
ispartof | PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0256451-e0256451 |
issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2567969565 |
source | PubMed (Medline); Publicly Available Content Database; Coronavirus Research Database |
subjects | 5' Untranslated Regions Analysis Biology and life sciences Computer and Information Sciences Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease transmission DNA-directed RNA polymerase Entropy Epidemiology Funding Gene sequencing Genomes Glycoproteins Growth hormone Laboratories Medicine Medicine and health sciences Mutation Mutation rates Overseas Pandemics Pathology People and Places Phylogeny Physical Sciences Ribonucleic acid RNA Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike glycoprotein Strains (organisms) Viral diseases Viruses |
title | Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan |
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