Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song

Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable f...

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Published in:PloS one 2010-03, Vol.5 (3), p.e9592-e9592
Main Authors: Martin, Cassandra M, Wagner, William E
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Activity patterns
Animal behavior
Animal reproduction
Animals
Chirp
Crickets
Diptera
Diptera - metabolism
Ecology/Behavioral Ecology
Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary Biology/Animal Behavior
Experiments
Female
Females
field experimentation
Gryllidae - parasitology
Gryllidae - physiology
Gryllus
Gryllus lineaticeps
Laboratories
Male
Males
Mating
mating behavior
Models, Biological
Parasitism
Parasitoids
Predation
Predators
Predatory Behavior
Preferences
Risk
Sex Factors
Shelters
Song
Vocalization, Animal
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description Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, males that produce preferred song types provide females with greater material benefits, but they are also more likely to attract lethal parasitoid flies. First, we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in association with preferred high chirp rate males. Females were nearly twice as likely to be parasitized when caged with high chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefits they receive from mating with preferred males and the risk of being killed by a predator when near these males. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimum estimate of the female parasitism rate in the field. In a laboratory study, we found no difference in the proportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear to have biased our estimate of female parasitism rates. Overall, our results suggest that female association costs have the potential to shape the evolution of female mating preferences.
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Conspicuous male traits, however, can attract predators. This not only increases the risk of predation for conspicuous males but also for the females that prefer them. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, males that produce preferred song types provide females with greater material benefits, but they are also more likely to attract lethal parasitoid flies. First, we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in association with preferred high chirp rate males. Females were nearly twice as likely to be parasitized when caged with high chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefits they receive from mating with preferred males and the risk of being killed by a predator when near these males. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimum estimate of the female parasitism rate in the field. In a laboratory study, we found no difference in the proportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear to have biased our estimate of female parasitism rates. 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subjects Activity patterns
Animal behavior
Animal reproduction
Animals
Chirp
Crickets
Diptera
Diptera - metabolism
Ecology/Behavioral Ecology
Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary Biology/Animal Behavior
Experiments
Female
Females
field experimentation
Gryllidae - parasitology
Gryllidae - physiology
Gryllus
Gryllus lineaticeps
Laboratories
Male
Males
Mating
mating behavior
Models, Biological
Parasitism
Parasitoids
Predation
Predators
Predatory Behavior
Preferences
Risk
Sex Factors
Shelters
Song
Vocalization, Animal
title Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song
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