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Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology
A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general p...
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| Published in: | Critical reviews in toxicology 2012-10, Vol.42 (9), p.768-786 |
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| container_title | Critical reviews in toxicology |
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| creator | Burns, Carol J. Swaen, Gerard M. H. |
| description | A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3109/10408444.2012.710576 |
| format | article |
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H.</creator><creatorcontrib>Burns, Carol J. ; Swaen, Gerard M. H.</creatorcontrib><description>A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1040-8444</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1547-6898</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.710576</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22876750</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Informa Healthcare</publisher><subject>2,4-D ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - toxicity ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - urine ; Biological and medical sciences ; biomonitoring ; cancer ; Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens ; Chemical agents ; DNA Damage - drug effects ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Hematologic and hematopoietic diseases ; herbicide ; Herbicides - toxicity ; Herbicides - urine ; Humans ; Leukemias. Malignant lymphomas. Malignant reticulosis. Myelofibrosis ; Medical sciences ; Neoplasms - etiology ; Neoplasms - physiopathology ; non-Hodgkin lymphoma ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology ; Reproduction - drug effects ; Review ; Toxicology ; Tumors</subject><ispartof>Critical reviews in toxicology, 2012-10, Vol.42 (9), p.768-786</ispartof><rights>2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2012</rights><rights>2012 The Author(s). 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H.</creatorcontrib><title>Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology</title><title>Critical reviews in toxicology</title><addtitle>Crit Rev Toxicol</addtitle><description>A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.</description><subject>2,4-D</subject><subject>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - toxicity</subject><subject>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - urine</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>biomonitoring</subject><subject>cancer</subject><subject>Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens</subject><subject>Chemical agents</subject><subject>DNA Damage - drug effects</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Epidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Hematologic and hematopoietic diseases</subject><subject>herbicide</subject><subject>Herbicides - toxicity</subject><subject>Herbicides - urine</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Leukemias. Malignant lymphomas. Malignant reticulosis. Myelofibrosis</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Neoplasms - etiology</subject><subject>Neoplasms - physiopathology</subject><subject>non-Hodgkin lymphoma</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology</subject><subject>Reproduction - drug effects</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><issn>1040-8444</issn><issn>1547-6898</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>0YH</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkF1rFDEUhoMotlb_gcjcCArOmq-ZZG5apH5CoSB6Hc4kJzspM8mSmbbuvzfLdqu90asEzvO-OXkIecnoSjDavWdUUi2lXHHK-Eox2qj2ETlmjVR1qzv9uNwLUu-YI_Jsnq8opYrr5ik54lyrVjX0mFx-x5uAt1XyFX8naxfsMKacNgPG9GsLFpdgK7DBVW92849vqz6kKcWwpBziuoLoKtwEh1NIY1pvn5MnHsYZX9ydJ-Tn508_zr_WF5dfvp1_uKhtI7ul5pQKz6zAFqxzyIGpzmtn2x6Y1i02HUdw3qFUole-p7ZvlCyY9qpH68UJOd33bq77CZ3FuGQYzSaHCfLWJAjm4SSGwazTjRFSC9roUiD3BTanec7o77OMmp1gcxBsdoLNXnCJvfr73fvQwWgBXt8BMFsYfYZow_yHayWTmorCne25EH3KE9ymPDqzwLboP4TEf1Y5fdAwIIzLYCGjuUrXORb9__7Lb6qIrFI</recordid><startdate>20121001</startdate><enddate>20121001</enddate><creator>Burns, Carol J.</creator><creator>Swaen, Gerard M. H.</creator><general>Informa Healthcare</general><general>Taylor & Francis</general><scope>0YH</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121001</creationdate><title>Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology</title><author>Burns, Carol J. ; Swaen, Gerard M. H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-2003f1c3e6acdde2a179f8dc6ba1886e592eadfde473b7fb0cb5742a18f7becf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>2,4-D</topic><topic>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - toxicity</topic><topic>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - urine</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>biomonitoring</topic><topic>cancer</topic><topic>Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens</topic><topic>Chemical agents</topic><topic>DNA Damage - drug effects</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Epidemiologic Studies</topic><topic>Hematologic and hematopoietic diseases</topic><topic>herbicide</topic><topic>Herbicides - toxicity</topic><topic>Herbicides - urine</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Leukemias. Malignant lymphomas. Malignant reticulosis. Myelofibrosis</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Neoplasms - etiology</topic><topic>Neoplasms - physiopathology</topic><topic>non-Hodgkin lymphoma</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology</topic><topic>Reproduction - drug effects</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Tumors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Burns, Carol J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swaen, Gerard M. H.</creatorcontrib><collection>Taylor & Francis Journals</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Critical reviews in toxicology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Burns, Carol J.</au><au>Swaen, Gerard M. H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology</atitle><jtitle>Critical reviews in toxicology</jtitle><addtitle>Crit Rev Toxicol</addtitle><date>2012-10-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>42</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>768</spage><epage>786</epage><pages>768-786</pages><issn>1040-8444</issn><eissn>1547-6898</eissn><abstract>A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Informa Healthcare</pub><pmid>22876750</pmid><doi>10.3109/10408444.2012.710576</doi><tpages>19</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Taylor and Francis:Jisc Collections:Taylor and Francis Read and Publish Agreement 2024-2025:Medical Collection (Reading list) |
| subjects | 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - toxicity 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - urine Biological and medical sciences biomonitoring cancer Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens Chemical agents DNA Damage - drug effects Environmental Monitoring - methods Epidemiologic Studies Hematologic and hematopoietic diseases herbicide Herbicides - toxicity Herbicides - urine Humans Leukemias. Malignant lymphomas. Malignant reticulosis. Myelofibrosis Medical sciences Neoplasms - etiology Neoplasms - physiopathology non-Hodgkin lymphoma Occupational Exposure - analysis Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology Reproduction - drug effects Review Toxicology Tumors |
| title | Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology |
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